SB774: Bill Text

LRB-5179/1

MCP:amn

2019 - 2020 LEGISLATURE

2019 Senate BILL 774

February 5, 2020 - Introduced by Senators Cowles and Petrowski, cosponsored by Representatives Kitchens, Mursau, Novak and Krug. Referred to Committee on Natural Resources and Energy.

SB774,1,6 An Act to renumber 281.58 (7) (b) 1.; to amend 281.58 (8e) (a), 281.58 (12) (a) 1. (intro.), 281.61 (6), 281.75 (5) (f), 281.75 (6) (a) and 281.75 (11) (b) 2.; and to create 227.01 (13) (yv), 281.18, 281.58 (7) (b) 1g. and 281.75 (1) (b) 1m. of the statutes; relating to: PFAS management zones, extending the time limit for emergency rule procedures, providing an exemption from emergency rule procedures, and granting rule-making authority.

Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau

This bill creates a process for establishing management zones for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and creates special requirements within those zones. This bill also changes existing grant and loan programs to prioritize projects in PFAS management zones, and requires the Department of Natural Resources to establish an advisory committee to assist in all PFAS-related actions.

Establishing PFAS management zones

Under the bill, if a test of drinking water shows levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in excess of 70 parts per trillion (a positive test), the outer boundaries of an initial PFAS management zone is set at a one-mile radius around the location of the positive test. The area that is one mile outside of this initial boundary is designated as the testing region, within which DNR may conduct testing and research relating to PFOA and PFOS, as well as perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA).

If five positive tests for PFOA and PFOS are found in a testing region, the maximum boundary of an initial PFAS management zone expands to include the testing region and the area that is one mile outside of this new boundary becomes a new testing region. DNR may continue to expand the maximum boundary of a proposed PFAS management zone and testing region in one-mile increments until it can no longer find five positive tests for PFOA and PFOS in a testing region.

If DNR finds a discernable path of contamination, DNR must continue to extend the boundary of the proposed PFAS management zone and testing region in one-mile increments in the direction of the path of contamination until it can no longer find five positive tests for PFOA and PFOS in the testing region. If DNR finds a discernable path of contamination, DNR must also consider removing from the proposed PFAS management zone any areas that are not in the path of contamination and that either do not contain positive tests or that contain minimal evidence of contamination. DNR must also consider removing areas from the proposed PFAS management zone based on several listed factors, including hydrogeological considerations, likely sources of contamination, and physical boundaries such as public roadways.

The bill requires DNR, when testing for PFAS, to require testing to be done in soil and sediment, groundwater, surface water, drinking water, biosolids, and, if applicable, fish and wildlife tissue. DNR must use any testing data to advise in any PFAS-related permanent rules. The bill also requires any sampling to be conducted by DNR or by a third party with whom DNR contracts. Any testing must be conducted by the State Laboratory of Hygiene or a laboratory accredited for PFAS testing by DNR.

After it determines the boundaries of a proposed PFAS management zone, DNR must hold a public meeting to provide information about contaminants and their possible sources and effects. If, after the public meeting, DNR determines that a PFAS management zone should be established, DNR must establish the final management zone within 30 days after the meeting. The bill exempts DNR's creation of a PFAS management zone from the rule-making process.

Under the bill, a designation of a PFAS management zone expires one year after any emergency rules relating to testing in a PFAS management zone expire.

Requirements within PFAS management zones

The bill requires DNR to establish, by emergency rule, requirements for public water systems that draw water from groundwater or surface water within a PFAS management zone to test their water for PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFNA, and PFBS and to submit the results of testing to DNR. The bill provides that such rules may not create a standard for PFAS contained in drinking water in a PFAS management zone, although testing results may be used to inform future actions.

In addition, the bill requires DNR to establish emergency rules requiring the testing of any biosolids from a publicly owned treatment works if the biosolids are spread in a PFAS management zone or, for a publicly owned treatment works that has any part of its service area in a PFAS management zone, if the biosolids are to be moved off-site. The bill provides that such rules may not create a standard for PFAS contained in biosolids that are spread in a PFAS management zone, although testing results may be used to inform future actions.

Notification and reporting

The bill requires DNR to establish an Internet site for each PFAS management zone, and to include specific information on those sites. The bill also requires DNR to notify any local, county, or tribal governments within an initial or established PFAS management zone when DNR finds the first initial positive test, when DNR establishes a PFAS management zone, and when DNR establishes an Internet site for the zone.

In addition, under the bill, DNR must report to the legislature on the boundaries and method for establishing the PFAS management zones, the results of PFAS testing in PFAS management zones, plans for addressing PFAS contamination, and the technical and economic feasibility of complying with PFAS standards.

Grant and loan priorities

The bill changes the existing well compensation grant program, the safe drinking water loan program, and the clean water fund program to give priority to projects addressing PFAS contamination in PFAS management zones.

PFAS advisory committee

Finally, the bill requires DNR to establish an advisory committee to advise DNR on the promulgation of permanent rules relating to PFAS. The committee must include members of groups likely to be affected by such rules.

For further information see the state and local fiscal estimate, which will be printed as an appendix to this bill.

The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows:

SB774,1 Section 1. 227.01 (13) (yv) of the statutes is created to read:

SB774,3,3 227.01 (13) (yv) Determines the boundaries of a PFAS management zone under s. 281.18 (3).

SB774,2 Section 2. 281.18 of the statutes is created to read:

SB774,3,5 281.18 PFAS management zones. (1) Definitions. In this section:

SB774,4,3 (a) “Discernable path of contamination” means the path that PFAS contamination takes from its source, such as down a river or with the flow of the groundwater table.

SB774,4,5 (b) “Drinking water” means surface water or groundwater used as a source of public or private drinking water, as determined by the department.

SB774,4,6 (c) “PFAS” means a perfluoroalkyl substance or polyfluoroalkyl substance.

SB774,4,7 (d) “PFBS” means perfluorobutane sulfonic acid.

SB774,4,8 (e) “PFHpA” means perfluoroheptanoic acid.

SB774,4,9 (f) “PFHxS” means perfluorohexane sulfonic acid.

SB774,4,10 (g) “PFNA” means perfluorononanoic acid.

SB774,4,11 (h) “PFOA” means perfluorooctanoic acid.

SB774,4,12 (i) “PFOS” means perfluorooctanesulfonic acid.

SB774,4,14 (j) “Positive test” means a test of a drinking water sample that shows levels of PFOA and PFOS in excess of 70 parts per trillion.

SB774,5,2 (2) Purpose. The purpose of this section is to define geographical areas in this state that are characterized by elevated levels of PFOA and PFOS in surface water or groundwater that is used as a source for public or private drinking water. The purpose of PFAS management zones is to provide guidelines that target areas of the state most affected by PFAS contamination to, in the short-term, protect public health and welfare and, in the long-term, research the best methods and most economically and technically feasible outcomes for implementing statewide standards, for performing cleanup measures, including soil and sediment remediation, and for properly disposing of contaminants. The department shall use the information gathered from these zones to inform future actions, including rule making and other administrative actions. The PFAS management zones shall also be used to identify the path of contamination to inform future actions.

SB774,5,4 (3) Establishing PFAS management zones. A PFAS management zone shall be established using the following method:

SB774,5,6 (a) The area within a one-mile radius of a positive test is the maximum boundary of the initial PFAS management zone.

SB774,5,9 (b) The area within one mile of the boundary of an initial PFAS management zone is the testing region. The department may conduct testing and research relating to PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFBS, and PFHpA within a testing region.

SB774,5,13 (c) If 5 positive tests are found in a testing region, the maximum boundary of an initial PFAS management zone expands to include the testing region. The area within one mile of the boundary of this expanded PFAS management zone becomes a new testing region.

SB774,5,16 (d) The department may continue to expand the maximum boundary of a proposed PFAS management zone and testing region in one-mile increments until it can no longer find 5 positive tests in a testing region.

SB774,5,20 (e) If the department finds a discernable path of contamination, the department shall continue to extend the boundary of the proposed PFAS management zone and testing region in one-mile increments in the direction of the path of contamination until it can no longer find 5 positive tests in the testing region.

SB774,5,24 (f) If the department finds a discernable path of contamination, the department shall consider removing from the proposed PFAS management zone any areas that are not in the path of contamination and that either do not contain positive tests or that contain minimal evidence of contamination.

SB774,6,2 (g) The department shall consider removing from the proposed PFAS management zone other areas based on the following factors:

SB774,6,5 1. Hydrogeological considerations, including soil characteristics, depth to groundwater, groundwater gradients, and flow direction, based on positive test locations.

SB774,6,7 2. The geographic extent of the PFAS contamination and mobility of the contaminants, based on positive test locations.

SB774,6,8 3. Likely sources of PFAS contamination.

SB774,6,9 4. Reliability of sampling data and frequency of PFAS detections in samples.

SB774,6,10 5. Present and anticipated uses of surface or groundwater.

SB774,6,12 6. Legal land description boundaries, including political and property boundaries.

SB774,6,13 7. Public roads or other physical boundaries.

SB774,6,14 8. Any other factors the department determines are relevant.

SB774,6,21 (h) The department shall hold a public meeting after determining the boundaries of the proposed PFAS management zone. The public meeting shall be held not more than 30 days before establishing a final PFAS management zone. At the meeting, the department shall provide information about the PFAS contaminants within the proposed PFAS management zone, any known sources of the contaminants, any known effects on drinking water, and any anticipated steps the department plans to take to address the contamination.

SB774,6,25 (i) If, after holding the public meeting under par. (h), the department determines that a PFAS management zone should be established, the department shall establish the final PFAS management zone within 30 days after holding the public meeting, based on the factors outlined in this subsection.

SB774,7,2 (j) For administrative purposes, PFAS management zones that overlap may be considered to be a single, merged PFAS management zone.

SB774,7,6 (4) Emergency rules for treatment works and public water systems. (a) No later than 9 months after the effective date of this paragraph .... [LRB inserts date], the department shall, using the procedure under s. 227.24, promulgate emergency rules to establish the following:

SB774,7,12 1. Requirements for public water systems that draw water from groundwater or surface water within a PFAS management zone to test their water for PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFNA, and PFBS and to submit the results to the department. Emergency rules promulgated under this subdivision may not create a standard for PFAS contained in drinking water in a PFAS management zone, although testing results may be used to inform future actions.

SB774,7,22 2. Requirements for testing biosolids from a publicly owned treatment works if the biosolids are spread in a PFAS management zone or, for a publicly owned treatment works that has any part of its service area in a PFAS management zone, if the biosolids are to be moved off-site. If a publicly owned treatment works that has any part of its service area in a PFAS management zone moves biosolids off-site and spreads biosolids in a PFAS management zone, the requirements established under this subdivision may require testing for only one of these actions, not both. Emergency rules promulgated under this subdivision may not create a standard for PFAS contained in biosolids that are spread in a PFAS management zone, although testing results may be used to inform future actions.

SB774,8,8 (b) Notwithstanding s. 227.24 (1) (a) and (3), the department is not required to provide evidence that promulgating a rule under this subsection as an emergency rule is necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health, safety, or welfare and is not required to provide a finding of emergency for a rule promulgated under this subsection. Notwithstanding s. 227.24 (1) (c) and (2), emergency rules promulgated under this subsection remain in effect for 3 years after the effective date of this paragraph .... [LRB inserts date], or the date on which permanent rules take effect, whichever is sooner. Notwithstanding s. 227.24 (1) (e) 1d. and 1g., for emergency rules promulgated under this subsection, the department is not required to prepare a statement of scope of the rules or to submit the proposed rules in final draft form to the governor for approval.

SB774,8,15 (5) Testing; use of results. The department shall require testing to be conducted by an entity under sub. (6) for PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFNA, and PFBS in soil and sediment, including lake and river bed sediment; groundwater; surface water; drinking water; biosolids; and fish and wildlife tissue, as applicable. The department may cause testing to be conducted in other media if the department determines that doing so is a priority. Data collected through testing shall be used to advise permanent rule making that seeks to regulate PFAS.

SB774,8,21 (6) Collection and testing; authorized entities. The collection of samples for PFAS testing conducted under this section shall follow commonly accepted PFAS collection protocols and shall be completed by the department or a 3rd party contracted by the department. Any testing conducted under this section shall be completed by the state laboratory of hygiene or a laboratory accredited for PFAS testing by the department.

SB774,8,24 (7) Internet site. The department shall establish an Internet site for each PFAS management zone. The department shall include the following information on each Internet site:

SB774,8,25 (a) The geographic boundaries of the PFAS management zone.

SB774,9,3 (b) Information on how the PFAS management zone was established, including information on any expansions or reductions of the initial zone and the department's rationale for these decisions.

SB774,9,5 (c) Results from PFAS testing in the PFAS management zone conducted under sub. (3) or (5).

SB774,9,7 (d) Directions for private well owners who wish to test their own water, including protocols and laboratories for this testing.

SB774,9,10 (e) Health risks associated with the overconsumption of PFAS and measures the public may take to reduce the health risks of PFAS exposure, as provided by the department of health services.

SB774,9,11 (f) Any other information that the department determines to be relevant.