Chapter 895

895.46(1) (1) 

895.46(1)(a) (a) If the defendant in any action or special proceeding is a public officer or employee and is proceeded against in an official capacity or is proceeded against as an individual because of acts committed while carrying out duties as an officer or employee and the jury or the court finds that the defendant was acting within the scope of employment, the judgment as to damages and costs entered against the officer or employee, except as provided in s. 146.89 (4), in excess of any insurance applicable to the officer or employee shall be paid by the state or political subdivision of which the defendant is an officer or employee. Agents of any department of the state shall be covered by this section while acting within the scope of their agency. Regardless of the results of the litigation the governmental unit, if it does not provide legal counsel to the defendant officer or employee, shall pay reasonable attorney fees and costs of defending the action, unless it is found by the court or jury that the defendant officer or employee did not act within the scope of employment. Except as provided in s. 146.89 (4), the duty of a governmental unit to provide or pay for the provision of legal representation does not apply to the extent that applicable insurance provides that representation. If the employing state agency or the attorney general denies that the state officer, employee or agent was doing any act growing out of or committed in the course of the discharge of his or her duties, the attorney general may appear on behalf of the state to contest that issue without waiving the state’s sovereign immunity to suit. Failure by the officer or employee to give notice to his or her department head of an action or special proceeding commenced against the defendant officer or employee as soon as reasonably possible is a bar to recovery by the officer or employee from the state or political subdivision of reasonable attorney fees and costs of defending the action. The attorney fees and expenses shall not be recoverable if the state or political subdivision offers the officer or employee legal counsel and the offer is refused by the defendant officer or employee. If the officer, employee or agent of the state refuses to cooperate in the defense of the litigation, the officer, employee or agent is not eligible for any indemnification or for the provision of legal counsel by the governmental unit under this section.

895.46(1)(am) (am) If a court determines that costs are awardable to an employee or official who has been provided representation by a governmental unit under par. (a), the court shall award those costs to the unit of government that provided the representation.

895.46(1)(b) (b) Persons holding the office of county sheriff on March 1, 1983, are covered by this subsection. This subsection covers other county sheriffs who have:

895.46(1)(b)1. 1. Satisfactorily completed or are currently enrolled in the preparatory program of law enforcement training under s. 165.85 (4) (a) 1. and, if applicable, the recertification programs under s. 165.85 (4) (a) 7., or have provided evidence of equivalent law enforcement training and experience as determined by the law enforcement standards board; or

895.46(1)(b)2. 2. At least 5 years of full-time employment as a law enforcement officer, as defined in s. 165.85 (2) (c).

895.46(1)(c) (c) This subsection does not apply to any action or special proceeding brought by a county against its county sheriff if the action or proceeding is determined in favor of the county.

895.46(1)(d) (d) On and after March 1, 1983, all persons employed as deputy sheriffs, as defined in s. 40.02 (48) (b) 3., are covered by this subsection. The county board shall adopt written policies for payments under this subsection on behalf of any other person, provided that person has satisfied the minimum standards of the law enforcement standards board, who serves at the discretion of the sheriff as a law enforcement officer as defined in s. 165.85 (2) (c), and the county may make the payments upon approval by the county board.

895.46(1)(dm) (dm) All security officers employed by the department of military affairs who are deputed under s. 59.26 (4m) are covered by this section while acting within the scope of their duties assigned under s. 59.26 (4m), as if they were state employees acting within the scope of their state employment.

895.46(1)(e) (e) Any nonprofit corporation operating a museum under a lease agreement with the state historical society, and all officers, directors, employees and agents of such a corporation, and any local emergency planning committee appointed by a county board under s. 59.54 (8) (a) and all members of such a committee, are state officers, employees or agents for the purposes of this subsection.

895.46(2) (2) Any town officer held personally liable for reimbursement of any public funds paid out in good faith pursuant to the directions of electors at any annual or special town meeting shall be reimbursed by the town for the amount of the judgment for damages and costs entered against the town officer.

895.46(3) (3) The protection afforded by this section shall apply to any state officer, employee or agent while operating a state-owned vehicle for personal use in accordance with s. 20.916 (7).

895.46(4) (4) The protection afforded by this section applies to members of the board of governors created under s. 619.04 (3), members of a committee or subcommittee of that board of governors, members of the injured patients and families compensation fund peer review council created under s. 655.275 (2), and persons consulting with that council under s. 655.275 (5) (b), with respect to judgments, attorney fees, and costs awarded before, on, or after April 25, 1990.

895.46(5) (5) The protection afforded by this section applies to any of the following:

895.46(5)(a) (a) A volunteer health care provider who provides services under s. 146.89, except a volunteer health care provider described in s. 146.89 (5) (a), for the provision of those services.

895.46(5)(am) (am) A practitioner who provides services under s. 257.03 and a health care facility on whose behalf services are provided under s. 257.04.

895.46(5)(b) (b) A physician under s. 251.07 or 252.04 (9) (b).

895.46(6) (6) The protection afforded by this section applies to any criminal action under s. 291.97 (2) or 293.87 (2) or under 7 USC 136L (b), 15 USC 2616 (b), 33 USC 1319 (c), 42 USC 2284, 6928 (d) and (e), 6973 (b), 6992 (b) and (c), 7413 (c), 9603 (b), 9606 (b) and 11045 (b) or 49 USC 5124 that is commenced against a state officer or state employee who is proceeded against in his or her official capacity or as an individual because of acts committed in the storage, transportation, treatment or disposal of hazardous substances, as defined in s. 289.01 (11), if that officer or employee is found to be acting within the scope of his or her employment and if the attorney general determines that the state officer or state employee acted in good faith. Regardless of the determination made by the attorney general, the protection afforded by this section applies if the state officer or agent is not found guilty of the criminal action commenced under this subsection. This protection includes the payment of reasonable attorney fees in defending the action and costs or fines arising out of the action.

895.46(7) (7) The protection afforded by this section does not apply to any law enforcement officer of another state acting in Wisconsin under an agreement authorized under s. 175.46.

895.46(8) (8) The protection afforded by this section applies to any owner of land within a drainage district established under ch. 88 who undertakes work on a drain if the work is approved by the drainage board.

895.46(9) (9) 

895.46(9)(a) (a) The state shall reimburse a state officer or state employee for reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred by the officer or employee in connection with a John Doe proceeding under s. 968.26 (2) arising from the officer’s or employee’s conduct in the performance of official duties if all the following apply:

895.46(9)(a)1. 1. The officer or employee was acting within the scope of his or her employment.

895.46(9)(a)2. 2. The officer or employee is not convicted of a crime arising from the conduct that is the subject of any criminal complaint issued under s. 968.26 (2) (d).

895.46(9)(b) (b) The state shall reimburse a state officer or state employee for reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred by the officer or employee in defending a criminal complaint issued under s. 968.26 (2) (d) arising from the officer’s or employee’s conduct in the performance of official duties if all of the following apply:

895.46(9)(b)1. 1. The officer or employee was acting within the scope of his or her employment.

895.46(9)(b)2. 2. The officer or employee is not convicted of a crime arising from the conduct that is the subject of the criminal complaint issued under s. 968.26 (2) (d).

895.46(10) (10) Any employee of the state of Minnesota who is named as a defendant and who is found liable as a result of performing services for this state under a valid agreement between this state and the state of Minnesota providing for interchange of employees or services shall be indemnified by this state to the same extent as an employee of this state performing the same services for this state pursuant to this section.

895.46 History History: 1973 c. 333; Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d 585, 761 (1975); Stats. 1975 s. 895.45; 1975 c. 81, 198, 199; Stats. 1975 s. 895.46; 1977 c. 29; 1979 c. 74, 221; 1981 c. 20; 1981 c. 96 s. 67; 1981 c. 314 s. 136; 1983 a. 6; 1983 a. 27 s. 2202 (32); 1985 a. 29, 66; 1987 a. 342; 1987 a. 403 s. 256; 1989 a. 31, 115, 187, 206, 359; 1991 a. 245, 269; 1993 a. 27, 28, 49, 238, 456, 490; 1995 a. 201, 227, 411; 1997 a. 35; 1999 a. 185; 2003 a. 111; 2005 a. 96; 2007 a. 79, 130; 2009 a. 24, 42, 93, 154; 2011 a. 32; 2013 a. 214, 241.

895.46 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See s. 775.06 for a special procedure applying to state law enforcement officers.

895.46 Annotation Highway commission [now transportation dept.] supervisors who are responsible for the placement of highway warning signs may be sued if a sign is not placed in accordance with commission rules. They cannot claim the state’s immunity from suit. Chart v. Dvorak, 57 Wis. 2d 92, 203 N.W.2d 673 (1973).

895.46 Annotation “Litigation” under sub. (1) refers only to civil proceedings. Bablitch & Bablitch v. Lincoln County, 82 Wis. 2d 574, 263 N.W.2d 218 (1978).

895.46 Annotation Mandatory payment under sub. (1) did not apply to an official who was sued for illegally retaining the official’s salary due to an alleged failure to comply with the statutory requirements for a bond and oath of office. The official was not acting in his official capacity when filing the bond or taking the oath or in defending a related suit. Thuermer v. Village of Mishicot, 86 Wis. 2d 374, 272 N.W.2d 409 (Ct. App. 1978).

895.46 Annotation An insurer of public employees had no right of recovery under s. 270.58 (1) [now sub. (1)]. Horace Mann Insurance Co. v. Wauwatosa Board of Education, 88 Wis. 2d 385, 276 N.W.2d 761 (1979).

895.46 Annotation The state could not be sued as an indemnitor under s. 270.58 (1) [now sub. (1)]. Fiala v. Voight, 93 Wis. 2d 337, 286 N.W.2d 824 (1980).

895.46 Annotation The state may not be sued directly for the tortious acts of its employees. Miller v. Smith, 100 Wis. 2d 609, 302 N.W.2d 468 (1981).

895.46 Annotation The “color of law” element of a 42 USC 1983 lawsuit is not identical to the “scope of employment” element under sub. (1). Cameron v. City of Milwaukee, 102 Wis. 2d 448, 307 N.W.2d 164 (1981).

895.46 Annotation Whether alderpersons were acting within the scope of their employment was inappropriately decided by summary judgment. Schroeder, Gedlen, Riester & Moerke v. Schoessow, 108 Wis. 2d 49, 321 N.W.2d 131 (1982).

895.46 Annotation Once a governmental unit decides to provide counsel, it must provide complete and full representation on all issues. Beane v. City of Sturgeon Bay, 112 Wis. 2d 609, 334 N.W.2d 235 (1983).

895.46 Annotation Sub. (1) applied to a forfeiture action against a police officer. Crawford v. City of Ashland, 134 Wis. 2d 369, 396 N.W.2d 781 (Ct. App. 1986).

895.46 Annotation “Any action” in sub. (1) (a) means a trial in which the issue of “scope of employment” is essential and evidence on the issue is introduced and argued. Desotelle v. Continental Casualty Co., 136 Wis. 2d 13, 400 N.W.2d 524 (Ct. App. 1986).

895.46 Annotation In “scope of employment” cases under sub. (1) (a), consideration must be given to whether the employee was “actuated,” in some measure, by a purpose to serve the employer. Olson v. Connerly, 156 Wis. 2d 488, 457 N.W.2d 479 (1990).

895.46 Annotation A former school employee sued by the school district over the employee’s employment contract was not entitled to costs under sub. (1) (a). School Board v. Bomber, 214 Wis. 2d 397, 571 N.W.2d 189 (Ct. App. 1997), 97-1469.

895.46 Annotation Voting members of a commission created by two villages were public officers protected by sub. (1). 74 Atty. Gen. 208.

895.46 Annotation This section and s. 895.35 apply to actions for open meetings law violations to the same extent that they apply to other actions against public officers and employees, except that public officials cannot be reimbursed for forfeitures they are ordered to pay for violating the open meetings law. 77 Atty. Gen. 177.

895.46 Annotation The University of Wisconsin has no authority to agree to hold harmless a county that incurs liability because of a university officer’s torts, but common law would require the officer to indemnify the county and statutory indemnification would require the state to indemnify the officer when acting in the scope of employment. 78 Atty. Gen. 1.

895.46 Annotation State Emergency Response Board Committee and Local Emergency Planning Committee subcommittee members appointed by a county board are entitled to indemnity for damage liability under this section and legal representation by the attorney general under s. 165.25. 81 Atty. Gen. 17.

895.46 Annotation Members of the Investment Board, Employee Trust Fund Board, Teachers Retirement Board, Wisconsin Retirement Board, Group Insurance Board, and Deferred Compensation Board are subject to the limitations on damages under s. 893.82 and are entitled to the state’s indemnification for liability under this section. OAG 2-06.

895.46 Annotation An assistant district attorney on furlough pursuant to executive order is entitled to representation and indemnification if the attorney is carrying out duties within the scope of employment. OAG 9-09.

895.46 Annotation This section may require indemnification for actions that are not intended to benefit the employer when those actions further the objectives of employment. Hibma v. Odegaard, 769 F.2d 1147 (1985).

895.46 Annotation Section 893.80 (4) bars direct suits against municipalities for the torts of their employees. It does not preclude suing the officer directly and using this section to indirectly recover from the municipality. Graham v. Sauk Prairie Police Commission, 915 F.2d 1085 (1990).

895.46 Annotation An employee can misuse or exceed the employee’s authority while still acting within the scope of employment. Graham, 915 F.2d 1085 (1990), exemplifies the principle that a police officer can grossly exceed the officer’s authority to use force and still be found to have acted within the scope of employment. Javier v. City of Milwaukee, 670 F.3d 823 (2012).

895.46 Annotation Sub. (1) does not prevent a state official from asserting “good faith” as a defense to a charge of infringement of civil rights. Clarke v. Cady, 358 F. Supp. 1156 (1973).

895.46 Annotation The purpose of this section is not to transform any suit against a state employee into a suit against the state, but to shield state employees from monetary loss in tort suits. Ware v. Percy, 468 F. Supp. 1266 (1979).

895.46 Annotation A county could not be held liable for a civil rights judgment against a county judge when the judgment held that the judge was not carrying out duties of the office at the relevant time. Harris v. County of Racine, 512 F. Supp. 1273 (1981).

895.46 Annotation If an employee is part of an inter-municipal team under s. 66.305 [now s. 66.0313], the agency requesting the team’s services is the de facto employer for purposes of indemnification under this section. Liebenstein v. Crowe, 826 F. Supp. 1174 (1992).

895.46 Annotation A sheriff represents the county when enforcing the law. Sovereign immunity for state officials under the 11th amendment to the U.S. Constitution does not apply. Abraham v. Piechowski, 13 F. Supp. 2d 870 (1998).

895.463 895.463 Zoning ordinances. In any matter relating to a zoning ordinance or shoreland zoning ordinance enacted or enforced by a city, village, town, or county, the court shall resolve an ambiguity in the meaning of a word or phrase in a zoning ordinance or shoreland zoning ordinance in favor of the free use of private property.

895.463 History History: 2015 a. 391.

895.47 895.47 Indemnification of the Wisconsin State Agencies Building Corporation and the Wisconsin State Public Building Corporation. If the Wisconsin State Agencies Building Corporation or the Wisconsin State Public Building Corporation is the defendant in an action or special proceeding in its capacity as owner of facilities occupied by any department or agents of any department of state government, the judgment as to damages and costs shall be paid by the state from the appropriation made under s. 20.865 (1) (fm). The state, when it does not provide legal counsel to the defendant, its members, officers or employees, shall pay reasonable attorney fees and costs of defending the action regardless of the results of the litigation, unless the court or jury finds that the member, officer or employee did not act within the scope of that person’s employment. Failure by the defendant to give notice to the department of justice of an action or special proceeding commenced against it, its members, officers or employees as soon as reasonably possible shall bar recovery by the defendant, its members, officers or employees from the state under this section. Attorney fees and expenses may not be recovered if the state offers the member, officer or employee legal counsel and the offer is refused.

895.47 History History: 1977 c. 344, 447.

895.472 895.472 Indemnification of a financial institution. A financial institution, as defined in s. 943.80 (2), that compensates a customer for a pecuniary loss resulting from a financial crime, as defined in s. 943.80 (1), or assumes the loss, may bring a civil action against the person who committed the crime to recover the amount of the loss, any other damages incurred by the financial institution as a result of the crime, and the costs incurred to bring the action, including attorney’s fees.

895.472 History History: 2005 a. 212 s. 2; 2007 a. 97 s. 239.

subch. II of ch. 895 SUBCHAPTER II

EXEMPTIONS FROM, AND LIMITATIONS ON, LIABILITY

895.475 895.475 Exemption from civil liability for furnishing safety inspection or advisory services. The furnishing of, or failure to furnish, safety inspection or advisory services intended to reduce the likelihood of injury, death or loss shall not subject a state officer, employee or agent, or an insurer, the insurer’s agent or employee undertaking to perform such services as an incident to insurance, to liability for damages from injury, death or loss occurring as a result of any act or omission in the course of the safety inspection or advisory services. This section shall not apply if the active negligence of the state officer, employee or agent, or of the insurer, the insurer’s agent or employee created the condition that was the proximate cause of injury, death or loss. This section shall not apply to an insurer, the insurer’s agent or employee performing the safety inspection or advisory services when required to do so under the provisions of a written service contract.

895.475 History History: 1991 a. 39; 2005 a. 155 s. 42; Stats. 2005 s. 895.475.

895.475 Annotation A “written service contract” is a contract that obligates the insurer to provide loss control services to an insured. Samuels Recycling Co. v. CNA Insurance Cos., 223 Wis. 2d 233, 588 N.W.2d 385 (Ct. App. 1998), 97-3511.

895.475 Annotation This section does not provide immunity from liability for a post-loss claim investigation performed by or on behalf of an insurance company pursuant to an insurance contract. This exemption from civil liability applies when an insurer voluntarily inspects an insured’s property to ensure that it is safe and up-to-code, not when it arrives on the scene after the fact to adjust the insured’s post-loss insurance claim based on its contractual obligations to do so. The very use of the terms “safety inspection” and “advisory services,” as well as the exclusion for contractually obligated services, clearly indicates that this section is forward-looking, involving voluntary loss prevention services. Cincinnati Insurance Co. v. Ropicky, 2021 WI App 25, 397 Wis. 2d 196, 959 N.W.2d 356, 20-0791.

895.476 895.476 Civil liability exemption; exposure to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19.

895.476(1) (1) In this section:

895.476(1)(a) (a) “COVID-19” means the infection caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 or by any viral strain originating from SARS-CoV-2, and conditions associated with the infection.

895.476(1)(b) (b) “Entity” means a partnership, corporation, association, governmental entity, tribal government, tribal entity, or other legal entity, including a school, institution of higher education, or nonprofit organization. “Entity” includes an employer or business owner, employee, agent, or independent contractor of the entity, regardless of whether the person is paid or an unpaid volunteer. “Entity” includes an employer covered under ch. 108.

895.476(2) (2) Beginning March 1, 2020, an entity is immune from civil liability for the death of or injury to any individual or damages caused by an act or omission resulting in or relating to exposure, directly or indirectly, to the novel coronavirus identified as SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 in the course of or through the performance or provision of the entity’s functions or services.

895.476(3) (3) Subsection (2) does not apply if the act or omission involves reckless or wanton conduct or intentional misconduct.

895.476(4) (4) Immunity under this section is in addition to, not in lieu of, other immunity granted by law, and nothing in this section limits immunity granted under any other provision of law, including immunity granted under s. 893.80 (4).

895.476 History History: 2021 a. 4.

895.478 895.478 Civil liability exemption; opioid antagonists.

895.478(1) (1) Definitions. In this section:

895.478(1)(a) (a) “Administer” has the meaning given in s. 118.29 (1) (a).

895.478(1)(b) (b) “Health care professional” has the meaning given in s. 118.29 (1) (c).

895.478(1)(c) (c) “High degree of negligence” has the meaning given in s. 118.29 (1) (d).

895.478(1)(d) (d) “Opioid antagonist” has the meaning given in s. 450.01 (13v).

895.478(1)(e) (e) “Opioid-related drug overdose” has the meaning given in s. 256.40 (1) (d).

895.478(1)(f) (f) “Residence hall director” means the individual employed by any of the following to reside at a residence hall for students and oversee the management and operation of the hall:

895.478(1)(f)1. 1. The University of Wisconsin System.

895.478(1)(f)2. 2. A technical college district.

895.478(1)(f)3. 3. The governing body of a private nonprofit institution of higher education located in this state.

895.478(2) (2) Residence hall directors.