Chapter 55

55.01(6v) (6v) “Serious and persistent mental illness” means a mental illness that is severe in degree and persistent in duration, that causes a substantially diminished level of functioning in the primary aspects of daily living and an inability to cope with the ordinary demands of life, that may lead to an inability to maintain stable adjustment and independent functioning without long-term treatment and support, and that may be of lifelong duration. “Serious and persistent mental illness” includes schizophrenia as well as a wide spectrum of psychotic and other severely disabling psychiatric diagnostic categories, but does not include degenerative brain disorder or a primary diagnosis of a developmental disability or of alcohol or drug dependence.

55.01(6vm) (6vm) “State governmental agency” has the meaning given for “agency” in s. 16.417 (1) (a).

55.01(6w) (6w) “State official” has the meaning given in s. 46.90 (1) (gr).

55.01(6x) (6x) “Treatment facility” has the meaning given in s. 51.01 (19).

55.01(6y) (6y) “Voluntary” means according to an individual’s free choice, if competent, or by choice of a guardian, if adjudicated incompetent.

55.01 History History: 1973 c. 284; 1975 c. 393, 430; 1979 c. 221; 1985 a. 29 s. 3200 (56); 1985 a. 176; 1991 a. 316; 1993 a. 445; 2003 a. 33; 2005 a. 264, 387, 388; 2007 a. 45, 96; 2011 a. 126.

55.01 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See also s. 46.011 for definitions applicable to chs. 46, 48 to 51, 54, 55, and 58.

55.01 Annotation The guardian ad litem is an interested person. A guardian ad litem appointed by the circuit court to represent the ward’s best interest becomes an official of a public agency concerned with the person’s welfare by virtue of that appointment and falls within the definition of “interested person” in the protective placement system of this chapter. Linda L. v. Collis, 2006 WI App 105, 294 Wis. 2d 637, 718 N.W.2d 205, 05-0494.

55.01 Annotation Alzheimer’s disease is one type of a degenerative brain disorder. Ch. 51 includes the definition of degenerative brain disorder only to specifically exclude it from the chapter’s authority, whereas the definition under this chapter is used to include it in the scope of authority granted under this chapter. Rehabilitation is a necessary element of treatment under ch. 51. Because there are no techniques that can be employed to bring about rehabilitation from Alzheimer’s disease, an individual with the disease cannot be rehabilitated. Accordingly, an Alzheimer’s patient is not a proper subject for ch. 51 treatment. Fond du Lac County v. Helen E.F., 2011 WI App 72, 333 Wis. 2d 740, 798 N.W.2d 707, 10-2061.

55.01 Annotation Affirmed. 2012 WI 50, 340 Wis. 2d 500, 814 N.W.2d 179, 10-2061.

55.02 55.02 Protective services and protective placement: duties.

55.02(1) (1) Department duties.

55.02(1)(a) (a) The department shall do all of the following:

55.02(1)(a)1. 1. Cooperate with county departments to develop and operate a coordinated, statewide system for protective services and protective placement. The protective services and protective placement system shall be designed to encourage independent living and to avoid protective placement whenever possible.

55.02(1)(a)2. 2. Monitor and supervise the implementation and operation of the protective services and protective placement system.

55.02(1)(a)3. 3. Provide technical assistance to county departments providing protective services and protective placement.

55.02(1)(a)4. 4. Evaluate the protective services and protective placement system.

55.02(1)(b) (b) The department may provide protective services and protective placement directly or contract for the provision of protective services or protective placement.

55.02(2) (2) County department duties.

55.02(2)(a) (a) The chairperson of each county board of supervisors shall designate a county department under s. 46.215, 46.22, 46.23, 51.42, or 51.437 that is providing services in the county on its own or through a joint mechanism with another county department or county to have the responsibility for planning for the provision of protective services and protective placement and for directly providing protective services, protective placement, or both, or entering into a contract under s. 46.036 with a responsible agency for the provision of protective services, protective placement, or both.

55.02(2)(b) (b) In addition to the responsibilities specified in par. (a), the county department shall:

55.02(2)(b)1. 1. Monitor and evaluate protective services and protective placements.

55.02(2)(b)2. 2. Prepare and submit reports required by the department, or by a court if protective services or protective placement are ordered by a court.

55.02(2)(b)3. 3. Develop requirements for submittal by guardians of the person of reports to the county department under s. 54.25 (1) (a).

55.02(2)(b)4. 4. Designate at least one appropriate medical facility or protective placement facility as an intake facility for the purpose of emergency protective placements under s. 55.135.

55.02(3) (3) Corporation counsel. The corporation counsel of the county in which the petition is brought may or, if requested by the court, shall assist in conducting proceedings under this chapter.

55.02 History History: 1973 c. 284; 1975 c. 393; 1979 c. 221; 1981 c. 379; 1985 a. 29 s. 3200 (56); 1985 a. 176; 1985 a. 332 s. 251 (3); 1993 a. 445; 2001 a. 103; 2005 a. 264 ss. 80, 116; 2005 a. 387, 388; 2007 a. 45.

55.03 55.03 Status of guardian.

55.03(1) (1) Agency as both guardian and provider prohibited. No agency acting as a guardian appointed under s. 48.9795, ch. 54, 2017 stats., or ch. 880, 2003 stats., may be a provider of protective services or protective placement for its ward under this chapter.

55.03(2) (2) Transfer of guardianship and legal custody. Nothing in this chapter may be construed to prohibit the transfer of guardianship and legal custody under s. 48.427 or s. 48.43.

55.03(3) (3) Guardian authority and responsibility applicable to parent of minor. Where any responsibility or authority is created under this chapter upon or in relation to a guardian, the responsibility or authority is deemed to apply to a parent or person in the place of a parent in the case of a minor who is or who is alleged to have a developmental disability.

55.03(4) (4) Guardian authority for making protective placement. No guardian or temporary guardian may make a permanent protective placement of his or her ward unless ordered by a court under s. 55.12, but a guardian or temporary guardian may admit a ward to certain residential facilities under s. 55.055 or make an emergency protective placement under s. 55.135.

55.03 History History: 1973 c. 284; 1979 c. 330; 2005 a. 264 ss. 81, 83, 117; 2005 a. 387; 2007 a. 45; 2019 a. 109; 2021 a. 240 s. 30.

55.043 55.043 Adult-at-risk agency.

55.043(1d) (1d) Adult-at-risk agency designation. Each county board shall designate an agency as the adult-at-risk agency for the purposes of this section.

55.043(1g) (1g) Adult-at-risk agency duties.

55.043(1g)(a) (a) Each adult-at-risk agency shall develop a policy for notifying other investigative agencies, including law enforcement officials in appropriate cases, and shall establish an adult-at-risk abuse reporting system to carry out the purposes of this section. Each adult-at-risk agency shall enter into a memorandum of understanding regarding the operation of the system with the county department under s. 46.215 or 46.22 and with any private or public agency, including a county department under s. 51.42 or 51.437, within the county that is participating in the adult-at-risk abuse reporting system. The memorandum of understanding shall, at a minimum, identify the agencies that are responsible for the investigation of reports of abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of adults at risk and for the provision of specific direct services.

55.043(1g)(b) (b) Each adult-at-risk agency shall receive reports of abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of adults at risk.

55.043(1g)(c) (c) Each adult-at-risk agency shall publicize the existence of an adult-at-risk abuse reporting system in the county and shall provide a publicized telephone number that can be used by persons wishing to report suspected cases of abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of adults at risk. Each adult-at-risk agency shall also provide a telephone number that can be used by persons to make reports after the adult-at-risk agency’s regular business hours.

55.043(1m) (1m) Reporting.

55.043(1m)(a) (a) The following persons shall file reports as specified in par. (b):

55.043(1m)(a)1. 1. An employee of any entity that is licensed, certified, or approved by or registered with the department.

55.043(1m)(a)3. 3. A health care provider, as defined in s. 155.01 (7).

55.043(1m)(a)4. 4. A social worker, professional counselor, or marriage and family therapist certified under subch. I of ch. 457 or a professional counselor who is exercising the privilege to practice, as defined in s. 457.50 (2) (s), in this state.

55.043(1m)(b) (b) Except as provided in par. (be), a person specified in par. (a) who has seen an adult at risk in the course of the person’s professional duties shall file a report with the county department, the adult-at-risk agency, a state or local law enforcement agency, the department, or the board on aging and long-term care if the adult at risk has requested the person to make the report, or if the person has reasonable cause to believe that any of the following situations exist:

55.043(1m)(b)1. 1. The adult at risk is at imminent risk of serious bodily harm, death, sexual assault, or significant property loss and is unable to make an informed judgment about whether to report the risk.

55.043(1m)(b)2. 2. An adult at risk other than the subject of the report is at risk of serious bodily harm, death, sexual assault, or significant property loss inflicted by a suspected perpetrator.

55.043(1m)(be) (be) A person specified in par. (a) to whom any of the following applies is not required to file a report as provided in par. (b):

55.043(1m)(be)1. 1. If the person believes that filing a report would not be in the best interest of the adult at risk. If the person so believes, the person shall document the reasons for this belief in the case file that the person maintains on the adult at risk.

55.043(1m)(be)2. 2. If a health care provider provides treatment by spiritual means through prayer for healing in lieu of medical care in accordance with his or her religious tradition and his or her communications with patients are required by his or her religious denomination to be held confidential.

55.043(1m)(br) (br) Any person, including an attorney or a person working under the supervision of an attorney, may report to the county department, adult-at-risk agency, a state or local law enforcement agency, the department, or the board on aging and long-term care that he or she believes that abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of an adult at risk has occurred if the person is aware of facts or circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe or suspect that abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of an adult at risk has occurred. The person shall indicate the facts and circumstances of the situation as part of the report.

55.043(1m)(c) (c)

55.043(1m)(c)1. 1.

55.043(1m)(c)1.a. a. No person may discharge or otherwise retaliate or discriminate against any person for reporting in good faith under this subsection.

55.043(1m)(c)1.b. b. No person may discharge or otherwise retaliate or discriminate against any individual on whose behalf another person has reported in good faith under this subsection.

55.043(1m)(c)1.d. d. Any discharge of a person or act of retaliation or discrimination that is taken against a person who makes a report under this subsection, within 120 days after the report is made, establishes a rebuttable presumption that the discharge or act is made in response to the report. This presumption may be rebutted by a preponderance of evidence that the discharge or act was not made in response to the report.

55.043(1m)(c)2. 2.

55.043(1m)(c)2.b. b. Any employee of an employer who is discharged or otherwise discriminated against may file a complaint with the department of workforce development under s. 106.54 (5).

55.043(1m)(c)2.c. c. Any person not described in subd. 2. b. who is retaliated or discriminated against in violation of subd. 1. a. or b. may commence an action in circuit court for damages incurred as a result of the violation.

55.043(1m)(d) (d) No person may be held civilly or criminally liable or be found guilty of unprofessional conduct for reporting in good faith under this subsection, or for filing a report with an agency not listed in par. (b) (intro.) or (br) if the person had a good faith belief that the report was filed correctly with one of the listed agencies.

55.043(1m)(e) (e) If a report under par. (b) or (br) is made to a state official, the state official shall refer the report to the appropriate adult-at-risk agency. The requirement under this paragraph does not apply to an employee of the board on aging and long-term care who determines that his or her referral would be in violation of 42 USC 3058g (d).

55.043(1m)(f) (f) Any person making a report under this subsection is presumed to have reported in good faith.

55.043(1r) (1r) Response and investigation.

55.043(1r)(a) (a)

55.043(1r)(a)1g. 1g. Except as otherwise provided, if an adult-at-risk agency has reason to believe that an adult at risk has been the subject of abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect or upon receiving a report of alleged abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of an adult at risk, the adult-at-risk agency shall respond by conducting an investigation or by referring the report to another agency for investigation. The investigation may be used to determine whether the adult at risk is in need of protective services. If an adult-at-risk agency has reason to believe that there is abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect of an adult at risk who is a client, as defined in s. 50.065 (1) (b), of an entity, as defined in s. 50.065 (1) (c), and if the person suspected of perpetrating the alleged abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect is a caregiver or nonclient resident of the entity, the adult-at-risk agency shall refer the report within 24 hours after the report is received to the department for investigation. The department shall coordinate its investigatory efforts with other investigative agencies or authorities as appropriate. An adult-at-risk agency’s response to or another investigative agency’s investigation of a report of abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect that is not referred to the department shall be commenced within 24 hours after a report is received, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays.

55.043(1r)(a)2. 2. If an agent or employee of an adult-at-risk agency required to refer under this subsection is the subject of a report, or if the adult-at-risk agency or an agency under contract with the county department determines that the relationship between the adult-at-risk agency and the agency under contract with the county department would not allow for an unbiased response, the adult-at-risk agency shall, after taking any action necessary to protect the adult at risk, notify the department. Upon receipt of the notice, the department or a county department under s. 46.215, 46.22, 51.42, or 51.437 designated by the department shall conduct an independent investigation. The powers and duties of a county department making the independent investigation are those given to an adult-at-risk agency under pars. (b) to (d) and sub. (6).

55.043(1r)(b) (b) The adult-at-risk agency’s or another investigative agency’s investigation shall include at least one of the following:

55.043(1r)(b)1. 1. A visit to the residence of the adult at risk.

55.043(1r)(b)2. 2. Observation of or an interview with the adult at risk, in private to the extent practicable, and with or without consent of his or her guardian or agent under an activated power of attorney for health care, if any.

55.043(1r)(b)3. 3. An interview with the adult at risk, in private to the extent practicable, and with or without consent of his or her guardian or agent under an activated power of attorney for health care, if any.

55.043(1r)(b)4. 4. An interview with the guardian or agent under an activated power of attorney for health care, if any, and with any caregiver of the adult at risk.

55.043(1r)(b)5. 5. A review of the treatment and patient health care records of the adult at risk.

55.043(1r)(b)6. 6. A review of any financial records of the adult at risk that are maintained by a financial institution, as defined in s. 705.01 (3); by an entity, as defined in s. 50.065 (1) (c); by any caregiver of the adult at risk; or by a member of the immediate family of the vulnerable adult at risk. The records shall be released without informed consent in either of the following circumstances:

55.043(1r)(b)6.a. a. To an adult-at-risk agency or other investigative agency under this section. The financial record holder may release financial record information by initiating contact with the adult-at-risk agency or other investigative agency without first receiving a request for release of the information from the adult-at-risk agency or other investigative agency.

55.043(1r)(b)6.b. b. Under a lawful order of a court of record.

55.043(1r)(c) (c) The adult-at-risk agency or other investigative agency may transport the adult at risk for performance of a medical examination by a physician if any of the following applies:

55.043(1r)(c)1. 1. The adult at risk or his or her guardian or agent under an activated power of attorney for health care, if any, consents to the examination.

55.043(1r)(c)2. 2. The adult at risk is incapable of consenting to the examination and one of the following applies:

55.043(1r)(c)2.a. a. The adult at risk has no guardian or agent under an activated power of attorney for health care.

55.043(1r)(c)2.b. b. The adult at risk has a guardian or agent under an activated power of attorney for health care, but that guardian or agent is the person suspected of abusing, neglecting, or financially exploiting the adult at risk.

55.043(1r)(c)2.c. c. The examination is authorized by order of a court.

55.043(1r)(d) (d) No person may be held civilly or criminally liable or be found guilty of unprofessional conduct for responding to a report or for participating in or conducting an investigation under this subsection, including the taking of photographs or conducting of a medical examination, if the response or investigation was performed in good faith and within the scope of his or her authority.

55.043(2) (2) Local enforcement assistance.

55.043(2)(a) (a) The adult-at-risk agency may request a sheriff or police officer to accompany the adult-at-risk agency investigator or worker during visits to the residence of the adult at risk or request other assistance as needed. If the request is made, a sheriff or police officer shall accompany the adult-at-risk agency investigator or worker to the residence of the adult at risk and shall provide other assistance as requested or necessary.

55.043(2)(b) (b) If the adult-at-risk agency worker or investigator or other agency investigator has reason to believe that substantial physical harm, irreparable injury, or death may occur to an adult at risk, the worker or investigator shall either initiate a protective services action under this chapter or contact law enforcement or another public agency, as appropriate.

55.043(3) (3) Restraining order; injunction. If a person interferes with the response or investigation under sub. (1r) or interferes with the delivery of protective services under this chapter to the adult at risk, the adult-at-risk agency investigator or worker may apply for an order under s. 813.123 prohibiting the interference.

55.043(4) (4) Offer of services and referral of cases.

55.043(4)(am) (am) Upon responding to a report, the adult-at-risk agency or the investigative agency shall determine whether the adult at risk or any other individual involved in the alleged abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect is in need of services under this chapter or ch. 46, 47, 49, 51, or 54. If provided, direct services shall be rendered under the least restrictive conditions necessary to achieve their objective.

55.043(4)(b) (b) If, after responding to a report, the adult-at-risk agency has reason to believe that the adult at risk has been the subject of abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, or self-neglect, the adult-at-risk agency may do any of the following: