Chapter 48

48.433(7)(d) (d) If the department or an agency has contacted a birth parent under this subsection, and the birth parent does not file the affidavit, the department may not disclose the requested information.

48.433(7)(e) (e) If, after a search under this subsection, a known birth parent cannot be located, the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), may disclose the requested information if the other birth parent has filed an unrevoked affidavit under sub. (2).

48.433(7)(f) (f) The department or agency conducting a search under this subsection may not contact a birth parent again on behalf of the same requester until at least 12 months after the date of the previous contact. Further contacts with a birth parent under this subsection on behalf of the same requester may be made only if 5 years have elapsed since the date of the last contact.

48.433(8) (8) 

48.433(8)(a) (a) If a birth parent of a requester under sub. (3) is known to be deceased, the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), shall so inform the requester. The department or agency shall provide the requester with the identity of the deceased parent. If both birth parents are known to be deceased, the department or agency shall provide the requester with his or her original birth certificate. If only one birth parent is known to be deceased, the department or agency shall provide the requester with his or her original birth certificate and any available information it has on file regarding the identity and location of the other birth parent if the other birth parent has filed an unrevoked affidavit under sub. (2).

48.433(8)(b) (b) If a birth parent of a requester under sub. (3) is known to be dead, the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), in addition to the information provided under par. (a), shall provide the requester with any nonidentifying social history information about the deceased parent on file with the department or agency.

48.433(8g) (8g) 

48.433(8g)(a) (a) In this subsection, “offspring” means an adult who is the child of a person whose birth parents’ parental rights have been terminated in this state or who has been adopted in this state with the consent of his or her birth parent or parents before February 1, 1982.

48.433(8g)(b) (b) Subject to par. (c), an offspring may request the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), to provide the offspring with the following:

48.433(8g)(b)1. 1. The original birth certificate of the offspring’s parent.

48.433(8g)(b)2. 2. Any available information regarding the identity of the birth parents of the offspring’s parent.

48.433(8g)(c) (c) Before acting on a request under par. (b), the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), shall require the requester to provide adequate identification of himself or herself and documentation of his or her relationship to the deceased parent.

48.433(8g)(d) (d) The department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), shall disclose the information requested under par. (b) if the offspring’s parent and both birth parents of the offspring’s parent are deceased.

48.433(8m) (8m) If the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), may not disclose the information requested under this section, it shall provide the requester with any nonidentifying social history information about either of the birth parents that it has on file.

48.433(8r) (8r) 

48.433(8r)(a) (a) In this subsection, “birth parent” has the meaning given in s. 48.432 (1) (am) and includes any other person who may be the person’s biological parent and whose parental rights have been terminated.

48.433(8r)(b) (b) Any person 18 years of age or over whose birth parent’s rights have been terminated in this state or who has been adopted in this state with the consent of his or her birth parent or parents before February 1, 1982, may file with the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), an affidavit authorizing the department or agency to provide the person’s birth parent with any available information about the identity and location of the person. An affidavit filed under this subsection may be revoked at any time by notifying the department or agency in writing.

48.433(8r)(c) (c) Any birth parent whose rights have been terminated in this state at any time, or who has consented to the adoption of his or her child in this state before February 1, 1982, may request the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), to provide him or her with any available information about the identity and location of any person 18 years of age or over who was or may have been his or her child. Before acting on the request, the department or agency shall require the requester to provide adequate identification.

48.433(8r)(d) (d) If the department, or agency contracted with under sub. (11), has on file an unrevoked affidavit filed under par. (a) by a person 18 years of age or over who was or may have been a child of the requester, the department or agency shall disclose the information requested under par. (b) related to the person who filed the affidavit. In disclosing information under this paragraph, the department or agency may not disclose any information that would reveal the identity or location of a birth parent other than the birth parent requesting the information.

48.433(9) (9) The requester may petition the circuit court to order the department or agency designated by the department to disclose any information that may not be disclosed under this section. The court shall grant the petition for good cause shown.

48.433(10) (10) Any person, including this state or any political subdivision of this state, who participates in good faith in any requirement of this section shall have immunity from any liability, civil or criminal, that results from his or her actions. In any proceeding, civil or criminal, the good faith of any person participating in the requirements of this section shall be presumed.

48.433(11) (11) The department shall promulgate rules to implement this section and may contract with an agency to administer this section.

48.433 History History: 1981 c. 359, 391; 1983 a. 471; 1985 a. 176; 1985 a. 332 s. 251 (1); 1989 a. 31; 1995 a. 27; 2005 a. 343; 2015 a. 134; 2021 a. 150.

48.433 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See also ch. DCF 53, Wis. adm. code.

48.434 48.434 Release of identifying information by an agency when authorization is granted.

48.434(1) (1) In this section:

48.434(1)(a) (a) “Adoptive parent” means a person who has adopted a child in this state or who has adopted in another state a child who was placed for adoption with that person in this state.

48.434(1)(b) (b) “Birth parent” has the meaning given under s. 48.432 (1) (am).

48.434(2) (2) Any birth parent of a child may file with the agency that placed the child for adoption under s. 48.833 or that was appointed the guardian of the child under s. 48.837 (6) (d) a written authorization for the agency to release any available information about the birth parent’s identity and location to one or both adoptive parents of the child.

48.434(3) (3) Any adoptive parent of a child may file with the agency that placed the child for adoption under s. 48.833 or that was appointed the guardian of the child under s. 48.837 (6) (d) a written authorization for the agency to release any available information about the adoptive parent’s identity and location to one or both birth parents of the child.

48.434(4) (4) A written authorization filed under sub. (2) or (3) may be revoked at any time by notifying the agency in writing.

48.434(5) (5) Upon the request of an adoptive parent of a child, the agency receiving the request shall provide to the adoptive parent any available information about the identity and location of a birth parent of the child if the agency has on file an unrevoked written authorization filed by that birth parent under sub. (2) authorizing the release of that information to the adoptive parent.

48.434(6) (6) Upon the request of a birth parent of a child, the agency receiving the request shall provide to the birth parent any available information about the identity and location of an adoptive parent of the child if the agency has on file an unrevoked written authorization filed by that adoptive parent under sub. (3) authorizing the release of that information to the birth parent.

48.434(7) (7) This section does not apply if the adopted child is 21 years of age or over.

48.434(8) (8) Any person, including this state or any political subdivision of this state, who participates in good faith in any requirement of this section shall have immunity from any liability, civil or criminal, that results from his or her actions. In any proceeding, civil or criminal, the good faith of any person participating in the requirements of this section shall be presumed.

48.434(9) (9) An agency may assess a reasonable fee for responding to a request for information or a request to file a written authorization under this section.

48.434(10) (10) No agency may contact any person for the purpose of determining whether the person wishes to authorize the agency to release information under this section. An agency may contact the birth parent or adoptive parent of a child who was adopted before April 29, 1998, one time, by mail, to inform them of the procedure by which identifying information may be released under this section.

48.434(11) (11) A written authorization filed with an agency under this section shall be notarized.

48.434 History History: 1997 a. 104; 2021 a. 239.

48.434 Note NOTE: 1997 Wis. Act 104, which affected this section, contains explanatory notes.

48.435 48.435 Custody of children. The mother of a nonmarital child has legal custody of the child unless the court grants legal custody to another person or transfers legal custody to an agency.

48.435 History History: 1979 c. 330; 1983 a. 447.

48.437 48.437 Change in placement; posttermination of parental rights.

48.437(1) (1) Request by guardian or prosecutor.

48.437(1)(a) (a) Notice; information required.

48.437(1)(a)1. 1. The agency appointed as the guardian of a child who is subject to a guardianship order under s. 48.427 (3m) (a) 1. to 4., (am), or (b), the district attorney, or the corporation counsel may request a change in the placement of the child by causing written notice of the proposed change in placement to be sent to the child, the child’s counsel or guardian ad litem, the legal custodian of the child, any foster parent or other physical custodian described in s. 48.62 (2) of the child, the operator of the facility in which the child is living, any agency responsible for securing the adoption of the child or for establishing the child in a permanent family setting, and, if the child is an Indian child who has been removed from the home of his or her parent or Indian custodian, the Indian child’s Indian custodian and tribe.

48.437(1)(a)2. 2. The notice shall contain the name and address of the new placement, the reasons for the change in placement, whether the new placement is certified under s. 48.675, a statement describing why the new placement is preferable to the present placement, a statement of how the new placement satisfies the objectives of the treatment plan or permanency plan ordered by the court, and, if the child is an Indian child who has been removed from the home of his or her parent or Indian custodian, a statement as to whether the new placement is in compliance with the order of placement preference under s. 48.028 (7) (b) or, if applicable, s. 48.028 (7) (c) and, if the new placement is not in compliance with that order, specific information showing good cause, as described in s. 48.028 (7) (e), for departing from that order. The person sending the notice shall file the notice with the court on the same day the notice is sent.

48.437(1)(a)3. 3. If the proposed change in placement would place the child in a residential care center for children and youth, group home, or shelter care facility certified under s. 48.675, the qualified individual shall conduct a standardized assessment and the agency appointed as the guardian of the child shall submit it and the recommendation of the qualified individual who conducted the standardized assessment, including all of the following, to the court and all persons who are required to receive the notice under subd. 1. no later than the filing of that notice or, if not available by that time, and except as provided under subd. 4., no later than 10 days after the notice is filed:

48.437(1)(a)3.a. a. Whether the proposed placement will provide the child with the most effective and appropriate level of care in the least restrictive environment.

48.437(1)(a)3.b. b. How the placement is consistent with the short-term and long-term goals for the child, as specified in the permanency plan.

48.437(1)(a)3.c. c. The reasons why the child’s needs can or cannot be met by the child’s family or in a foster home. A shortage or lack of foster homes is not an acceptable reason for determining that the child’s needs cannot be met in a foster home.

48.437(1)(a)3.d. d. The placement preference of the family permanency team under s. 48.38 (3m) and, if that preference is not the placement recommended by the qualified individual, why that recommended placement is not preferred.

48.437(1)(a)4. 4. If, for good cause shown, the information required to be submitted under subd. 3. is not available by the deadline under that subdivision, the agency appointed as the guardian of the child shall submit it no later than 30 days after the date on which the placement is made.

48.437(1)(bm) (bm) Hearing; order. On receipt of the notice under par. (a), the court shall review the notice and decide whether to hold a hearing on the matter prior to ordering any change in placement or to enter an order changing the child’s placement as proposed in the notice without a hearing. If the court decides to hold a hearing on the matter, within 10 days after the notice is filed with the court, but at least 3 days before the hearing, the court shall provide notice of the hearing to the agency appointed as the guardian of the child, the district attorney or corporation counsel, and all persons who are required to receive notice under par. (a). If the court decides not to hold a hearing on the matter, within 10 days after the notice is filed with the court, the court, without a hearing, shall enter an order changing the child’s placement as proposed in the notice and shall provide a copy of the order to the agency appointed as the guardian of the child, the district attorney or corporation counsel, and all persons who are required to receive notice under par. (a). The child’s placement may not be changed until 10 days after the notice under par. (a) is filed with the court unless the court, without a hearing, enters an order changing the child’s placement sooner.

48.437(1)(c) (c) Contents of order. The change-in-placement order shall contain the applicable order under sub. (2v) (a), the applicable statement under sub. (2v) (b), and the applicable findings under sub. (2v) (c) and (d). If the court changes the placement of an Indian child who has been removed from the home of his or her parent or Indian custodian, the change-in-placement order shall, in addition, comply with the order of placement preference under s. 48.028 (7) (b) or, if applicable, s. 48.028 (7) (c), unless the court finds good cause, as described in s. 48.028 (7) (e), for departing from that order.

48.437(2) (2) Emergency change in placement.

48.437(2)(a) (a) If emergency conditions necessitate an immediate change in the placement of a child who is the subject of a guardianship order under s. 48.427 (3m) (a) 1. to 4., (am), or (b), the agency appointed as the guardian of the child may remove the child to a new placement without the prior notice under sub. (1) (a). Notice of the emergency change in placement shall be sent to all persons specified in sub. (1) (a) 1. and filed with the court within 48 hours after the emergency change in placement. The court may hold a hearing on the matter as provided in sub. (1) (bm). In emergency situations, a child may be placed in a licensed public or private shelter care facility as a transitional placement for not more than 20 days or in any placement authorized under s. 48.345 (3).

48.437(2)(b) (b)

48.437(2)(b)1. 1. If the emergency change in placement under par. (a) results in a child being placed in a residential care center for children and youth, group home, or shelter care facility certified under s. 48.675, the qualified individual shall conduct a standardized assessment and the agency appointed as the guardian of the child shall submit it and the recommendation of the qualified individual who conducted the standardized assessment, including the information specified under sub. (1) (a) 3., with the notice under par. (a) or, if not available at that time, and except as provided under subd. 2., no later than 10 days after the filing of that notice.

48.437(2)(b)2. 2. If, for good cause shown, the information required to be submitted under subd. 1. is not available by the deadline under that subdivision, the agency appointed as the guardian of the child shall submit it no later than 30 days after the date on which the placement was made.

48.437(2)(c) (c) If the emergency change in placement under par. (a) results in a child being placed in a residential care center for children and youth, group home, or shelter care facility certified under s. 48.675, the court shall, no later than 60 days after the placement is made, issue an order making the findings under sub. (2v) (d) 1., the answers to which do not affect whether the placement may be made, after considering the standardized assessment and the recommendation of the qualified individual who conducted the standardized assessment.

48.437(2r) (2r) Removal from foster home, sustaining parent, or other physical custodian. If a hearing is held under sub. (1) (bm) and the change in placement would remove a child from a foster home or other placement with a physical custodian described in s. 48.62 (2), the court shall give the foster parent or other physical custodian a right to be heard at the hearing by permitting the foster parent or other physical custodian to make a written or oral statement during the hearing or to submit a written statement prior to the hearing relating to the child and the requested change in placement. A foster parent or other physical custodian described in s. 48.62 (2) who receives notice of a hearing under sub. (1) (bm) and a right to be heard under this subsection does not become a party to the proceeding on which the hearing is held solely on the basis of receiving that notice and right to be heard.

48.437(2v) (2v) Change-in-placement order. A change-in-placement order under sub. (1) shall contain all of the following:

48.437(2v)(a) (a) If the change-in-placement order changes the placement of a child who is under the guardianship of the department or a county department, an order ordering the child to be continued in the placement and care responsibility of the department or county department as required under 42 USC 672 (a) (2) and assigning the department or county department continued primary responsibility for providing services to the child.

48.437(2v)(b) (b) If the change-in-placement order changes the placement of the child to a placement recommended by the agency appointed as the guardian of the child under s. 48.427 (3m) (a) 1. to 4., (am), or (b), a statement that the court approves the placement recommended by that agency or, if the change-in-placement order changes the placement of the child to a placement that is not a placement recommended by that agency, a statement that the court has given bona fide consideration to the recommendations made by that agency and all parties relating to the child’s placement.

48.437(2v)(c) (c) If the child has one or more siblings, as defined in s. 48.38 (4) (br) 1., who have been placed outside the home or for whom a change in placement to a placement outside the home is requested, a finding as to whether the agency appointed as the child’s guardian under s. 48.427 (3m) (a) 1. to 4., (am), or (b) has made reasonable efforts to place the child in a placement that enables the sibling group to remain together, unless the court determines that a joint placement would be contrary to the safety or well-being of the child or any of those siblings, in which case the court shall order the agency to make reasonable efforts to provide for frequent visitation or other ongoing interaction between the child and the siblings, unless the court determines that such visitation or interaction would be contrary to the safety or well-being of the child or any of those siblings.

48.437(2v)(d) (d)

48.437(2v)(d)1. 1. Except as provided in subd. 2., if the court changes the placement to a residential care center for children and youth, group home, or shelter care facility certified under s. 48.675, the change-in-placement order shall contain a finding as to each of the following, the answers to which do not affect whether the placement may be made, after considering the standardized assessment and the recommendation of the qualified individual who conducted the standardized assessment:

48.437(2v)(d)1.a. a. Whether the needs of the child can be met through placement in a foster home.

48.437(2v)(d)1.b. b. Whether placement of the child in a residential care center for children and youth, group home, or shelter care facility certified under s. 48.675 provides the most effective and appropriate level of care for the child in the least restrictive environment.

48.437(2v)(d)1.c. c. Whether the placement is consistent with the short-term and long-term goals for the child, as specified in the permanency plan.

48.437(2v)(d)1.d. d. Whether the court approves or disapproves the placement.

48.437(2v)(d)2. 2. If the results of the standardized assessment and recommendation of the qualified individual who conducted the standardized assessment are not available at the time of the order, the court shall defer making the findings under subd. 1. as provided in this subdivision. No later than 60 days after the date on which the placement was made, the court shall issue an order making the findings under subd. 1.

48.437(3) (3) Prohibited placements based on homicide of parent. Except as provided in this subsection, the court may not change a child’s placement to a placement in the home of a person who has been convicted of the homicide of a parent of the child under s. 940.01 or 940.05, if the conviction has not been reversed, set aside, or vacated. This subsection does not apply if the court determines by clear and convincing evidence that the placement would be in the best interests of the child. The court shall consider the wishes of the child in making that determination.

48.437(4) (4) Effective period of order. A change-in-placement order under this section remains in effect until the order is modified or terminated by further order of the court. An order granting adoption of the child or transferring guardianship and custody of the child to an individual terminates a change-in-placement order under this section.

48.437 History History: 2015 a. 373; 2017 a. 365 ss. 16, 111; 2021 a. 42; 2021 a. 240 s. 30.

subch. IX of ch. 48 SUBCHAPTER IX

JURISDICTION OVER PERSON 17 OR OLDER

48.44 48.44 Jurisdiction over persons 17 or older. The court has jurisdiction over persons 17 years of age or older as provided under ss. 48.133, 48.355 (4), 48.357 (6), 48.365 (5), and 48.45 and as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter.

48.44 History History: 1971 c. 213 s. 5; 1975 c. 39; 1977 c. 354; 1987 a. 27; 1989 a. 121; 1995 a. 27; 1997 a. 35, 292; 2013 a. 334.

48.45 48.45 Orders applicable to adults.

48.45(1) (1) 

48.45(1)(a) (a) If in the hearing of a case of a child alleged to be in a condition described in s. 48.13 it appears that any person 17 years of age or older has been guilty of contributing to, encouraging, or tending to cause by any act or omission, such condition of the child, the judge may make orders with respect to the conduct of such person in his or her relationship to the child, including orders determining the ability of the person to provide for the maintenance or care of the child and directing when, how and where funds for the maintenance or care shall be paid.

48.45(1)(am) (am) If in the hearing of a case of an unborn child and the unborn child’s expectant mother alleged to be in a condition described in s. 48.133 it appears that any person 17 years of age or over has been guilty of contributing to, encouraging, or tending to cause by any act or omission, such condition of the unborn child and expectant mother, the judge may make orders with respect to the conduct of such person in his or her relationship to the unborn child and expectant mother.

48.45(1)(b) (b) An act or failure to act contributes to a condition of a child as described in s. 48.13 or an unborn child and the unborn child’s expectant mother as described in s. 48.133, although the child is not actually adjudicated to come within the provisions of s. 48.13 or the unborn child and expectant mother are not actually adjudicated to come within the provisions of s. 48.133, if the natural and probable consequences of that act or failure to act would be to cause the child to come within the provisions of s. 48.13 or the unborn child and expectant mother to come within the provisions of s. 48.133.

48.45(1m) (1m) 

48.45(1m)(a) (a) In a proceeding in which a child has been found to be in need of protection or services under s. 48.13, the judge may order the child’s parent, guardian or legal custodian to comply with any conditions determined by the judge to be necessary for the child’s welfare. An order under this paragraph may include an order to participate in mental health treatment, anger management, individual or family counseling or parent training and education and to make a reasonable contribution, based on ability to pay, toward the cost of those services.

48.45(1m)(b) (b) A judge may not order inpatient treatment under par. (a) for a child’s parent, guardian or legal custodian. All inpatient treatment commitments or admissions must be conducted in accordance with ch. 51.

48.45(1r) (1r) In a proceeding in which an unborn child has been found to be in need of protection or services under s. 48.133, the judge may impose on the expectant mother any disposition permitted under s. 48.347 (1) to (6).