¶ 7.
The Legislature is presumed to deliberately choose the language it uses in a statute, State v. Briggs, 214 Wis. 2d 281, 288, 571 N.W.2d 881 (Ct. App. 1997), and to choose statutory language carefully and precisely to convey its intended meaning. State v. Smits, 2001 WI App 45, ¶ 15, 241 Wis. 2d 374, 626 N.W.2d 42. Statutory language must be given its common, ordinary, and accepted meaning; technical or specially-defined words are given their technical or specially defined meanings. Sec. 990.01(1), Wis. Stats.; Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 45. Common and accepted meaning of statutory terms may be ascertained by reference to dictionary definitions. Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶¶ 53-54. ¶ 8.
In my opinion, the language of section 137.01(2)(am) is not ambiguous. Statutory language is ambiguous if it can be understood by reasonably well-informed persons in two or more senses. Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 47. Or, in other words, that there exist “different but plausible interpretations of the statute.” Kroeplin v. Wisconsin Dep’t of Natural Res., 2006 WI App 227, ¶ 19, 297 Wis. 2d 254, 725 N.W.2d 286. There is only one plausible interpretation of the relevant section 137.01(2)(am) language, however.¶ 9.
The 4-year notary public provisions of section 137.01(2)(am) apply to “a United States resident [who] has his or her license to practice law in this state suspended or revoked.” Both “suspend” and “revoke” have easily ascertained plain meanings. “Suspend” means “to debar or cause to withdraw temporarily from any privilege, office, or function;” “to cause (as an action, process, practice, use) to cease for a time;” or “to hold in an undetermined or undecided state awaiting fuller information.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2303 (1986) (“Webster’s”). “Revoke” means “to bring or call back,” “to annul by recalling or taking back (as something granted by a special act),” or “WITHDRAW.” Webster’s at 1944.¶ 10.
The common and accepted meanings of “suspend” and “revoke,” ascertained by reference to their respective dictionary definitions, do not in themselves create distinctions between different types of license suspensions or different types of license revocations. Nor do any such categorical distinctions appear in the actual language of section 137.01(2)(am).¶ 11.
Consideration of section 137.01(2)(c) reinforces my conclusion that the section 137.01(2)(am) “suspended or revoked” language unambiguously refers to any suspension or revocation of an attorney’s license to practice law in Wisconsin. Statutory language is interpreted in the context in which it is used; not in isolation but as part of a whole; in relation to the language of surrounding or closely-related statutes; and reasonably, to avoid absurd or unreasonable results. Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 46. When the same word is used in neighboring subsections, it generally should be given same meaning in each subsection. State v. White, 2004 WI App 237, ¶ 10, 277 Wis. 2d 580, 690 N.W.2d 880.¶ 12.
Section 137.01(2)(c) provides for the supreme court to file with your office “notice of the surrender, suspension or revocation of the license to practice law of any attorney who holds a permanent commission as a notary public.” The section then provides that such notice is deemed a revocation of the attorney’s notary public commission. Like section 137.01(2)(am), the language of section 137.01(2)(c) does not explicitly or implicitly distinguish between types of suspensions or revocations.¶ 13.
Procedurally, sections 137.01(2)(c) and (am) are intimately connected. Section 137.01(2)(c) provides the process for revoking the permanent notary public commission of an attorney whose Wisconsin law license has been suspended or revoked. Section 137.01(2)(am) provides the process by which an attorney whose Wisconsin law license has been suspended or revoked may, upon reinstatement of his or her law license, obtain a 4-year notary public commission. Absence from either of these closely related statutes of any distinction among different reasons for suspension of revocation of an attorney’s Wisconsin law license therefore reinforces my conclusion that the provisions of both statutes apply to all law license suspensions and revocations.¶ 14.
In Wisconsin, lawyer regulation is the purview of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. SCR 10.01(1) and (2). Examination of relevant supreme court rules further reinforces my conclusion that the section 137.01(2)(am) “suspended or revoked” language, and its section 137.01(2)(c) counterpart, unambiguously refer to any suspension or revocation of an attorney’s license to practice law in Wisconsin.¶ 15.
The supreme court may revoke or suspend the license of an attorney as discipline for professional misconduct. SCR 21.16(1m)(a) and (b). Attorneys who do not pay their state bar dues or fail to file a trust account certificate are subject to suspension of their state bar membership, following notice and a grace period. SCR 10.03(6m) and SCR 10, Appendix, sec. 3(a). Similarly, the state bar membership of an attorney who fails to comply with CLE attendance and reporting requirements is subject to suspension and “shall not engage in the practice of law in Wisconsin while his or her state bar membership is suspended under this rule.” SCR 31.10(1).¶ 16.
Suspension of state bar membership constitutes suspension of an attorney’s license to practice law in Wisconsin. The same supreme court rule, “License reinstatement,” addresses reinstatement of those attorneys “suspended from the practice of law for nonpayment of state bar membership dues or failure to comply with the trust account certification requirement or continuing legal education requirements,” SCR 22.28(1), and attorneys whose licenses have been revoked or suspended for misconduct, SCR 22.28(2) and (3). See also SCR 31.11.¶ 17.
The court’s published decisions in attorney discipline cases confirm that suspension from the state bar constitutes suspension of an attorney’s license to practice law in Wisconsin. See, e.g., In the Matter of Disciplinary Proceedings Against Michael F. Swensen, 2008 WI 113, ¶ 3, 314 Wis. 2d 29, 754 N.W.2d 499 (“Attorney Swensen’s Wisconsin law license is currently under suspension for failure to comply with mandatory continuing legal education requirements and failure to pay State Bar of Wisconsin dues”); In the Matter of Disciplinary Proceedings Against James R. Lucius, 2008 WI 12, ¶ 3, 307 Wis. 2d 255, 744 N.W.2d 605 (“Attorney Lucius’s license to practice law in Wisconsin was suspended for his failure to comply with continuing legal education (CLE) reporting requirements”). In Wisconsin, membership in the class of “active members” of the State Bar of Wisconsin is a condition precedent to the practice of law. SCR 10.01; SCR 10.03(4). Moreover, the payment of annual bar dues and assessments is a requirement of membership in the state bar. The failure to pay annual bar dues and assessments may result in the suspension of the attorney’s license to practice law in this state. ¶ 18.
Suspension of an attorney’s state bar membership therefore constitutes suspension of the attorney’s license to practice law. ¶ 19.
For all these reasons, therefore, it is my opinion that attorney suspensions for failure to pay state bar dues, file trust account reports, or comply with CLE requirements constitute suspension of the attorney’s license for purposes of the notary public provisions of section 137.01(2). As discussed below, your further questions involve practical application of these statutory provisions. ¶ 20.
Your second question is whether the same definitions of “suspended or revoked” law licenses apply both to attorneys applying for Wisconsin notary public commissions for the first time, and to attorneys who have existing permanent Wisconsin notary public commissions. In my opinion, the same definitions apply to both groups of attorneys whose Wisconsin law licenses have been suspended or revoked.¶ 21.
On its face, the plain language of section 137.01(2)(am) does not distinguish between attorneys applying for their first Wisconsin notary public commissions and attorneys who previously held permanent notary public commissions.¶ 22.
Moreover, interrelationship of the language of section 137.01(2)(am) language with the language of section 137.01(2)(a) confirms that the section 137.01(2)(am) provisions apply to all attorneys. ¶ 23.
Section 137.01(2)(a) establishes the general rule: “any” United States resident licensed to practice law in Wisconsin is entitled to a permanent commission as a notary public upon satisfaction of the specified conditions. The meaning of “any” is unambiguously all‑inclusive. “‘Any’ means any . . . .” State ex rel. Hipp v. Murray, 2007 WI App 202, ¶ 12, 305 Wis. 2d 148, 738 N.W.2d 570.¶ 24.
Section 137.01(2)(a) also establishes by reference that there is one exception to the general rule of entitlement; it begins, “[e]xcept as provided in par. (am) . . . .” Two criteria define the section 137.01(2)(am) exception: an attorney subject to that provision has had his or her Wisconsin law license suspended or revoked, and the attorney subsequently obtained reinstatement of his or her Wisconsin law license. The criteria are stated in terms of the loss and reacquisition of the Wisconsin law license, not in terms of an initial notary public application or a subsequent reapplication. ¶ 25.
In my opinion, therefore, section 137.01(2)(am) by its plain language applies both to attorneys applying for their first Wisconsin notary public commission and attorneys applying for a 4-year notary public commission after revocation of their previously obtained permanent commissions.
¶ 26.
Likewise, the language of section 137.01(2)(c) is plain and unambiguous. Besides applying to “any” described attorney, like the section 137.01(2)(am) provision discussed above, section 137.01(2)(c) also includes the directive “shall” in two places: the supreme court “shall” file notice of the “suspension or revocation of the license to practice law of any attorney” who holds a permanent notary public commission and such notice “shall be deemed a revocation” of that commission. The word “shall” generally is presumed to be mandatory when interpreting statutory language. State ex rel. Marberry v. Macht, 2003 WI 79, ¶ 16, 262 Wis. 2d 720, 665 N.W.2d 155. Nothing in the statutory language itself above supports any other interpretation. Conversely, any other interpretation would defeat the Legislature’s regulatory objectives and create inequitable consequences if not uniformly applied to all attorneys whose law licenses have been suspended or revoked. Cf. Marberry, 262 Wis. 2d 270, ¶ 17.¶ 27.
In my opinion, therefore, section 137.01(2)(c) by its plain language mandates that filing by the supreme court of notice about any suspension or revocation of an attorney’s Wisconsin law is deemed a revocation of that attorney’s existing permanent notary public commission. ¶ 28.
Your third question concerns the effective date for revocation of permanent notary public commissions by operation of section 137.01(2)(c). By operation of statute, revocation of a permanent notary commission is not automatic or discretionary. Instead, revocation of an attorney’s permanent notary commission only occurs if and when the supreme court files notice with your office that the attorney’s Wisconsin law license has been suspended or revoked. ¶ 29.
Section 137.01(2)(c) constitutes the exclusive mechanism for revocation of an attorney’s existing permanent notary public commission. The language of section 137.01(2)(c) is unambiguous: “Such notice shall be deemed a revocation of said commission.” In my opinion, therefore, the operative date for your office’s administration of section 137.01(2)(c) is the date that the supreme court files with your office the notice of the suspension or revocation of an attorney’s Wisconsin law license—not the actual date that the attorney’s law license was suspended or revoked. ¶ 30.
By itself, suspension or revocation of an attorney’s Wisconsin law license does not automatically revoke that attorney’s permanent notary public commission. Your office therefore has no independent obligation or authority to seek out lists of suspended or revoked attorneys, verify the law licensing of attorneys holding permanent notary commissions, or otherwise revoke permanent notary public commissions. Instead, your office must act only upon filing of notice by the supreme court pursuant to section 137.01(2)(c). ¶ 31.
Conversely, your office may not unilaterally revoke a permanent notary public commission without filing of notice by the supreme court pursuant to section 137.01(2)(c). There is no statutory authority for the Secretary of State to revoke a permanent notary commission without filing of such notice. Section 137.01(2)(c), as noted above, provides the exclusive mechanism for revoking an attorney’s permanent notary public commission.¶ 32.
To summarize, sections 137.01(2)(am) and (c) operate as follows. An attorney applying for the first time for a notary public commission, whose Wisconsin law license previously was suspended or revoked but has been reinstated, is entitled to a 4-year notary public appointment which may be renewed for subsequent 4-year terms. An attorney’s existing permanent notary public commission is deemed revoked by operation of statute only upon filing of notice by the supreme court with your office that the attorney’s Wisconsin law license has been suspended or revoked for any reason. Finally, an attorney who previously held a permanent notary public commission, which was deemed revoked by notice filed with your office by the supreme court that the attorney’s Wisconsin law license had been suspended or revoked, is entitled upon reinstatement of his or her law license to a 4-year notary public appointment which may be renewed for subsequent 4-year terms. ¶ 33.
I hope that you find this analysis helpful in your office’s administration of the notary public statutes. Sincerely,
J.B. Van Hollen
Attorney General
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