Chapter DHS 157

DHS 157.03(303) (303) “Radiographer certification” means written approval received from a certifying entity stating that an individual has satisfactorily met the equivalent radiation safety, testing and experience criteria in s. DHS 157.44 (3) (a).

DHS 157.03(304) (304) “Radiographer’s assistant” means any individual who under the direct supervision of a radiographer, uses radiographic exposure devices, sources of radiation, related handling tools or radiation survey instruments in industrial radiography.

DHS 157.03(305) (305) “Radiographic exposure device” means any instrument containing a sealed source fastened or contained within the instrument, in which the sealed source or shielding thereof may be moved or otherwise changed, from a shielded to unshielded position for purposes of making a radiographic exposure.

DHS 157.03(306) (306) “Radiographic imaging system” means any system whereby a permanent or semi-permanent image is recorded on an image receptor by the action of ionizing radiation.

DHS 157.03(307) (307) “Radiographic operations” means all activities performed with a radiographic exposure device or with a radiation machine. Activities include using, transporting, except by common or contract carriers or storing at a temporary job site, performing surveys to confirm the adequacy of boundaries, setting up equipment and any activity inside restricted area boundaries. Transporting a radiation machine is not considered a radiographic operation.

DHS 157.03(308) (308) “Radionuclide” means a radioactive form of an element.

DHS 157.03(309) (309) “Rating” means the operating limits as specified by the component manufacturer.

DHS 157.03(310) (310) “Redundant beam monitoring system” means a combination of 2 dose monitoring systems in which each system is designed to terminate irradiation under a pre-selected number of dose monitor units.

DHS 157.03(311) (311) “Reference man” means a hypothetical aggregation of human physical and physiological characteristics determined by international consensus. These characteristics may be used by researchers and public health workers to standardize results of experiments and to relate biological insult to a common base.

DHS 157.03(312) (312) “Reference plane” means a plane that is displaced from and parallel to the tomographic plane.

DHS 157.03(313) (313) “Regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation” means the regulations in 49 CFR 100 to 189 and 390 to 397.

DHS 157.03(314) (314) “Rem” means the special unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent.

DHS 157.03 Note Note: The dose equivalent in rem is equal to the absorbed dose in rad multiplied by the quality factor. One rem equals 0.01 sievert.

DHS 157.03(315) (315) “Research and development” means either of the following:

DHS 157.03(315)(a) (a) Theoretical analysis, exploration or experimentation.

DHS 157.03(315)(b) (b) The practical application of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature for experimental and demonstration purposes, including the experimental production and testing of models, devices, equipment, materials and processes. Research and development does not include the internal or external administration of radiation or radioactive material to human beings.

DHS 157.03(316) (316) “Residual radioactivity” means radioactivity in structures, materials, soils, groundwater and other media at a site resulting from activities under the licensee’s or registrant’s control. “Residual radioactivity” includes radioactivity from all sources used by the licensee or registrant, but excludes background radiation. “Residual radioactivity” also includes radioactive materials remaining at the site as a result of routine or accidental releases of radioactive material at the site and previous burials at the site, even if those burials were made in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.

DHS 157.03(317) (317) “Respiratory protective equipment” means an apparatus, such as a respirator, used to reduce an individual’s intake of airborne radioactive materials.

DHS 157.03(318) (318) “Restricted area” means an area, access to which is limited by the licensee or registrant for the purpose of protecting individuals against undue risks from exposure to sources of radiation. “Restricted area” does not include areas used as residential quarters, but separate rooms in a residential building may be set apart as a restricted area.

DHS 157.03(318m) (318m) “Reviewing official” means the individual who shall make the trustworthiness and reliability determination of an individual to determine whether the individual may have, or continue to have, unescorted access to the category 1 or category 2 quantities of radioactive materials that are possessed by the licensee.

DHS 157.03(319) (319) “Roentgen” or “R” means the special unit of exposure. One roentgen equals 2.58E-4 coulombs per kilogram of air.

DHS 157.03 Note Note: See the definition of the term “exposure” and also s. DHS 157.06 (4) for a further explanation of units of exposure.

DHS 157.03(319g) (319g) “Sabotage” means the act of any person who intentionally damages, interferes, or tampers with reasonable grounds to believe his or her act will hinder, delay, or interfere with the normal operation of any one of the following:

DHS 157.03(319g)(a) (a) A category 1 or category 2 quantity of radioactive material.

DHS 157.03(319g)(b) (b) A device that contains a category 1 or category 2 quantity of radioactive material.

DHS 157.03(319g)(c) (c) The components of the security system.

DHS 157.03(319r) (319r) “Safe haven” means a readily recognizable and readily accessible site at which security is present or from which, in the event of an emergency, the transport crew can notify and wait for the local law enforcement authorities.

DHS 157.03(320) (320) “Sanitary sewerage” means a system of public sewers for carrying off wastewater and refuse, but excluding sewage treatment facilities, septic tanks and leach fields owned or operated by the licensee or registrant.

DHS 157.03(321) (321) “Scan” means the complete process of collecting x-ray transmission data for the production of a tomogram. Data may be collected simultaneously during a single scan for the production of one or more tomograms.

DHS 157.03(322) (322) “Scan increment” means the amount of relative displacement of the patient with respect to the CT x-ray system between successive scans measured along the direction of such displacement.

DHS 157.03(323) (323) “Scan sequence” means a pre-selected set of 2 or more scans performed consecutively under pre-selected CT conditions of operation.

DHS 157.03(324) (324) “Scan time” means the period of time between the beginning and end of x-ray transmission data accumulation for a single scan.

DHS 157.03(325) (325) “Scattered radiation” means ionizing radiation emitted by interaction of ionizing radiation with matter, the interaction being accompanied by a change in direction of the radiation.

DHS 157.03(326) (326) “SCO-I” means a surface contaminated object (SCO) for which all of the following apply:

DHS 157.03(326)(a) (a) The non-fixed contamination on the accessible surface averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2) does not exceed 4 Bq/cm2 (10 -4  microcurie/cm2) for beta and gamma and low toxicity alpha emitters, or 0.4 Bq/cm2 (10-5 microcurie/cm2) for all other alpha emitters.

DHS 157.03(326)(b) (b) The fixed contamination on the accessible surface averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2) does not exceed 4x104 Bq/cm2 (1.0 microcurie/cm2) for beta and gamma and low toxicity alpha emitters, or 4x103 Bq/cm2 (0.1 microcurie/cm2) for all other alpha emitters.

DHS 157.03(326)(c) (c) The non-fixed contamination plus the fixed contamination on the inaccessible surface averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2) does not exceed 4x104 Bq/cm2 (1.0 microcurie/cm2) for beta and gamma and low toxicity alpha emitters, or 4x103 Bq/cm2 (0.1 microcurie/cm2) for all other alpha emitters.

DHS 157.03(327) (327) “SCO-II” means a surface contaminated object (SCO) for which the limits for SCO-1 are exceeded and on which all of the following apply:

DHS 157.03(327)(a) (a) The non-fixed contamination on the accessible surface averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2) does not exceed 400 Bq/cm2 (10 -2 microcurie/cm2) for beta and gamma and low toxicity alpha emitters, or 40 Bq/cm2 (10 -3 microcurie/cm2) for all other alpha emitters.

DHS 157.03(327)(b) (b) The fixed contamination on the accessible surface averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2) does not exceed 8x105 Bq/cm2 (20 microcurie/cm2) for beta and gamma and low toxicity alpha emitters, or 8x104 Bq/cm2 (2 microcurie/cm2) for all other alpha emitters.

DHS 157.03(327)(c) (c) The non-fixed contamination plus the fixed contamination on the inaccessible surface averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2) does not exceed 8x105 Bq/cm2 (20 microcurie/cm2) for beta and gamma and low toxicity alpha emitters, or 8x104 Bq/cm2 (2 microcurie/cm2) for all other alpha emitters.

DHS 157.03(328) (328) “Sealed source” means any radioactive material that is encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the radioactive material.

DHS 157.03(329) (329) “Sealed Source and Device Registry” or “SSDR” means the national registry that contains all the registration certificates, maintained by the NRC that summarize the radiation safety information for the sealed sources and devices and describe the licensing and use conditions approved for the product.

DHS 157.03(330) (330) “Secondary dose monitoring system” means a system that will terminate irradiation in the event of failure of the primary dose monitoring system.

DHS 157.03(331) (331) “Secondary protective barrier” means the material that attenuates stray radiation.

DHS 157.03(331g) (331g) “Security order” means any order that was issued by the NRC that required fingerprints and an FBI criminal history records check for access to any one of the following:

DHS 157.03(331g)(a) (a) Safeguards information.

DHS 157.03(331g)(b) (b) Safeguards information-modified handling.

DHS 157.03(331g)(c) (c) Risk significant material such as special nuclear material or large quantities of uranium hexafluoride.

DHS 157.03(331m) (331m) “Security screening unit” means a non-human use open-beam or cabinet x-ray system with accessible openings designed for the detection of weapons, bombs, or contraband concealed in baggage, mail, packages or other commodities or structure.

DHS 157.03(331r) (331r) “Security zone” means any temporary or permanent area established by the licensee for the physical protection of category 1 or category 2 quantities of radioactive material.

DHS 157.03(332) (332) “Self-contained breathing apparatus” or “SCBA” means an atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the breathing air source is designed to be carried by the user.

DHS 157.03(333) (333) “Shadow tray” means a device attached to the radiation head to support auxiliary beam blocking material.

DHS 157.03(334) (334) “Shallow dose equivalent” or “Hs” means the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007 centimeter (7 mg/cm2). “Shallow dose equivalent” applies to the external exposure of the skin of the whole body or the skin of an extremity.

DHS 157.03(335) (335) “SI” means the abbreviation for the International System of Units.

DHS 157.03(336) (336) “Shielded position” means the location within the radiographic exposure device, source changer or storage container that, by manufacturer’s design, is the proper location for storage of the sealed source.

DHS 157.03(336m) (336m) 

DHS 157.03(336m)(a) (a) “Shielded room” means a room housing a radiation generating device where, with the device at maximum technique factors, the exterior room environs meets the unrestricted area dose limits of 0.02 mSv (2 mrem) in any one hour and 1 mSv (100 mrem) in a year at 30 cm from the surface of the barrier.

DHS 157.03(336m)(b) (b) “Shielded room” does not include any of the following:

DHS 157.03(336m)(b)1. 1. A radiation generating device that meets the definition of cabinet x-ray system.

DHS 157.03(336m)(b)2. 2. A permanent radiographic installation.

DHS 157.03(336m)(b)3. 3. A radiation room.

DHS 157.03(337) (337) “Shutter” means a device attached to the tube housing assembly which may totally intercept the useful beam and which has a lead equivalency not less than that of the tube housing assembly.

DHS 157.03(338) (338) “Sievert” or “Sv” means the SI unit of dose equivalent. The unit of dose equivalent is the joule per kilogram. The special unit of dose equivalent (rem) is being replaced by the sievert. 1 Sv=100 rem.

DHS 157.03(339) (339) “Single tomogram system” means a CT x-ray system which obtains x-ray transmission data during a scan to produce a single tomogram.

DHS 157.03(340) (340) “Site area emergency” means an event may occur, is in progress, or has occurred that could lead to a significant release of radioactive material and require a response by offsite response organizations to protect people offsite.

DHS 157.03(341) (341) “Site boundary” means that line beyond which the land or property is not owned, leased or otherwise controlled by the licensee or registrant.

DHS 157.03(342) (342) “Source” means the region and material from which the radiation emanates.

DHS 157.03(343) (343) “Source applicator” means a device used to place a radioactive source in a precise anatomical location within the body.

DHS 157.03(344) (344) “Source assembly” means an assembly that consists of the sealed source and a connector that attaches the source to the control cable. The source assembly may include a ballstop to secure the source in the shielded position.

DHS 157.03(345) (345) “Source changer” means a device designed and used for replacement of sealed sources in radiographic exposure devices and which may also be used for transporting and storing sealed sources.

DHS 157.03(346) (346) “Source holder” means a housing or assembly into which a radioactive source is placed to facilitate the handling and use of the source in well logging operations.

DHS 157.03(347) (347) “Source-image receptor distance” or “SID” means the distance from the source of radiation to the center of the input surface of the image receptor.

DHS 157.03(348) (348) “Source material” means either of the following:

DHS 157.03(348)(a) (a) Uranium or thorium, or any combination thereof, in any physical or chemical form.

DHS 157.03(348)(b) (b) Ores that contain by weight one-twentieth of one percent or more of uranium, thorium or any combination of uranium and thorium. Source material does not include special nuclear material.

DHS 157.03(349) (349) “Special form radioactive material” means radioactive material that satisfies all the following conditions:

DHS 157.03(349)(a) (a) It is either a single solid piece or is contained in a sealed capsule that may be opened only by destroying the capsule.

DHS 157.03(349)(b) (b) The piece or capsule has at least one dimension not less than 5 millimeters (0.2 in.).

DHS 157.03(349)(c) (c) It satisfies the test requirements specified by the NRC in 10 CFR 71.75 at the time of its design or construction.

DHS 157.03(350) (350) “Special nuclear material” means plutonium, uranium 233, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the nuclear regulatory commission determines to be special nuclear material; or any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing. Special nuclear material does not include source material.

DHS 157.03(351) (351) “Special nuclear material in quantities not sufficient to form a critical mass” means uranium enriched in the isotope U-235 in quantities not exceeding 350 grams of contained U-235; uranium-233 in quantities not exceeding 200 grams; plutonium in quantities not exceeding 200 grams; or any combination of them under the following formula: For each kind of special nuclear material, determine the ratio between the quantity of that special nuclear material and the quantity specified above for the same kind of special nuclear material. The sum of such ratios for all of the kinds of special nuclear material in combination may not exceed one.

DHS 157.03 Note Note: For example, the following quantities in combination would not exceed the limitation and are within the formula:

DHS 157.03 Note 175 (grams contained U-235) + 50 (grams U-233) + 50 (grams Pu) = 1

DHS 157.03 Note   350   200   200

DHS 157.03(352) (352) “Special unit” means the alternative system of units for quantifying absorbed dose in rad, dose equivalent in rem and radioactivity in curie.

DHS 157.03(353) (353) “Specific activity” of a radionuclide means the radioactivity of the radionuclide per unit mass of that nuclide. The specific activity of a material in which the radionuclide is essentially uniformly distributed is the radioactivity per unit mass of the material.

DHS 157.03(354) (354) “Specific license” means a license, under requirements prescribed by the department by rule, to possess, use, manufacture, produce, transfer or acquire radioactive material or devices or equipment utilizing radioactive material.

DHS 157.03(355) (355) “Spot film” means a radiograph, which is made during a fluoroscopic examination to permanently record conditions that exist during that fluoroscopic procedure.