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(b) Other material in which the radioactive material is distributed throughout, and the average specific activity does not exceed 10-4 A2/g for solids and gases and 10-5 A2/g for liquids.
(200)“Low specific activity – III” or “LSA-III material” means solids, such as consolidated wastes or activated materials, excluding powders, that satisfy the requirements of 10 CFR 71.77, and for which all of the following apply:
(a) The radioactive material is distributed throughout a solid or a collection of solid objects, or is essentially uniformly distributed in a solid compact binding agent, for example, concrete, bitumen or ceramic.
(b) The radioactive material is relatively insoluble, or it is intrinsically contained in a relatively insoluble material, so that, even under loss of packaging, the loss of radioactive material per package by leaching, when placed in water for 7 days, would not exceed 0.1 A2.
(c) The estimated average specific activity of the solid, excluding any shielding material, does not exceed 2 x 10-3 A2/g.
(201)“Low toxicity alpha emitters” means natural uranium, depleted uranium, natural thorium; uranium-235, uranium-238, thorium-232, thorium-228 or thorium-230 when contained in ores or physical or chemical concentrates or tailings; or alpha emitters with a half-life of less than 10 days.
(202)“mA” means milliampere.
(203)“Mammography” means radiography of the breast, but does not include radiography of the breast performed during invasive interventions for localization or biopsy procedures.
(204)“Management” means the chief executive officer or other individual having the authority to manage, direct or administer the licensee’s or registrant’s activities, or those persons’ delegate or delegates.
(205)“Manual brachytherapy” means a type of brachytherapy in which the radioactive sources are manually inserted either into the body cavities that are in close proximity to a tumor or directly into the tumor volume.
Note: Examples of radioactive sources are seeds and ribbons.
(206)“mAs” means milliampere second.
(207)“Maximum line current” means the root-mean-square current in the supply line of an x-ray machine operating at its maximum rating.
(208)“Medical event” means an administration of radiation or radioactive material to a patient or human research subject that requires reporting to the department.
(209)“Medical institution” means an organization in which medical disciplines are practiced.
(210)“Medical physicist” means an individual with any of the following qualifications:
(a) Certified by the American board of radiology or the American board of health physics in one or more of the following:
1. Therapeutic radiological physics.
2. Roentgen-ray and gamma-ray physics.
3. X-ray and radium physics.
4. Radiological physics.
5. Comprehensive health physics.
(b) Certified by the American board of medical physics in radiation oncology physics.
(c) Certified by the Canadian college of medical physics.
(211)“Medical use” means the intentional internal or external administration of radioactive material or the radiation from radioactive material to patients or human research subjects under the supervision of an authorized user.
(212)“Medium dose-rate remote afterloader” or “MDR” means a device that delivers a dose rate of greater than 2 gray (200 rads) but less than 12 gray (1200 rads) per hour at the point or surface where the dose is prescribed.
(213)“Megavolt” or “MV” means the energy equal to that acquired by a particle with one electron charge in passing through a potential difference of one million volts in a vacuum.
Note: The current convention is to use MV to designate photons and MeV to designate electrons.
(214)“Member of the public” means an individual in a controlled or unrestricted area. However, an individual is not a member of the public during any period in which the individual receives an occupational dose.
(215)“Minor” means an individual less than 18 years of age.
(215m)“Mobile device” means a piece of equipment containing licensed radioactive material that is either mounted on wheels or casters, or otherwise equipped for moving without a need for disassembly or dismounting; or designed to be hand carried. “Mobile device” does not include stationary equipment installed in a fixed location.
(216)“Mobile medical service supplier” means a mobile service that carries or receives radioactive materials for medical use at a client’s address.
(217)“Mobile x-ray equipment” means x-ray equipment mounted on a permanent base with wheels or casters for moving while completely assembled.
(218)“Moderator” means a material that decreases the energy of neutrons.
(219)“Monitoring” means the measurement of radiation, radioactive material concentrations, surface area activities or quantities of radioactive material and the use of the results of these measurements to evaluate potential exposures and doses.
(219m)“Movement control center” means an operations center that is remote from transport activity and that maintains position information on the movement of radioactive material, receives reports of attempted attacks or thefts, provides a means for reporting these and other problems to appropriate agencies, and requests and coordinates appropriate aid.
(220)“Moving beam radiation therapy” means radiation therapy with any planned displacement of radiation field or patient relative to each other or with any planned change of absorbed dose distribution. It includes arc, skip, conformal, intensity modulation and rotational therapy.
(221)“Multiple tomogram system” means a computed tomography x-ray system that obtains x-ray transmission data simultaneously during a single scan to produce more than one tomogram image.
(221m)“Nationally tracked source” means a sealed source containing a quantity equal to or greater than category 1 or category 2 thresholds of any radioactive material listed in ch. DHS 157 Appendix T. In this context a sealed source is defined as radioactive material that is sealed in a capsule or closely bonded, in a solid form and which is not exempt from regulatory control. It does not mean material encapsulated solely for disposal, or nuclear material contained in any fuel assembly, subassembly, fuel rod, or fuel pellet. Category 1 nationally tracked sources are those containing radioactive material at a quantity equal to or greater than the category1 threshold. Category 2 nationally tracked sources are those containing radioactive material at a quantity equal to or greater than the category 2 threshold but less than the category 1 threshold.
Note: Chapter DHS 157 Appendix T is used to determine the category 1 and category 2 thresholds for a nationally tracked source. The category 1 and category 2 thresholds in ch. DHS 157 Appendix T and ch. DHS 157 Appendix U are not interchangeable.
(222)“NARM” means any naturally occurring or accelerator-produced radioactive material.
(223)“Natural radioactivity” means radioactivity of naturally occurring nuclides.
(224)“Natural thorium” means thorium with the naturally occurring distribution of thorium isotopes, which is essentially 100 weight percent thorium-232.
(225)“Natural uranium” means uranium with the naturally occurring distribution of uranium isotopes, which is approximately 0.711 weight percent uranium-235, and the remainder by weight essentially uranium-238.
(226)“Negative pressure respirator — tight fitting” means a respirator in which the air pressure inside the facepiece is negative during inhalation with respect to the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.
(227)“Neutron absorber” means a material that absorbs neutrons emitted from radioactive material.
(228)“Noble gas” means a chemically inert gas that does not combine with other elements.
(228m)“No-later-than arrival time” means the date and time that the shipping licensee and receiving licensee have established as the time at which an investigation will be initiated if the shipment has not arrived at the receiving facility. The no-later-than arrival time may not be more than 6 hours after the estimated arrival time for shipments of category 2 quantities of radioactive material.
(229)“Nominal tomographic section thickness” means the full width at half-maximum of the sensitivity profile taken at the center of the cross-sectional volume over which x-ray transmission data are collected.
(230)“Nominal treatment distance” means:
(a) For electron irradiation, the distance from the scattering foil, virtual source or exit window of the electron beam to the entrance surface of the irradiated object along the central axis of the useful beam.
(b) For x-ray irradiation, the virtual source or target to isocenter distance along the central axis of the useful beam. For non-isocentric equipment, this distance shall be that specified by the manufacturer.
(230m)“Non-fixed contamination” means contamination that can be removed from a surface during normal conditions of transport.
(231)“Nonstochastic effect” or “deterministic effect” means health effects, the severity of which varies with the dose and for which a threshold is believed to exist. Radiation-induced cataract formation is an example of a nonstochastic effect.
(232)“Normal form radioactive material” means radioactive material that has not been demonstrated to qualify as special form radioactive material.
(233)“Notice of violation” means a written notice provided in response to an alleged infraction of ss. 254.31 to 254.45, Stats., this chapter, the conditions of a license or an order issued by the department.
(234)“NRC” means the U.S. nuclear regulatory commission.
(235)“Nuclear waste” means a quantity of source, byproduct or special nuclear material required to be in NRC-approved specification packaging while transported to, through or across a state boundary to a disposal site, or to a collection point for transport to a disposal site.
(235m)“Open-beam x-ray equipment” means an open-beam x-ray system in which the beam path could be entered by any part of the body at any time.
(236)“Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter” or “OSL” means a dosimeter containing a crystalline solid for measuring radiation dose plus filters to help characterize the type of radiation encountered.
Note: When exposed to the appropriate energy of light, exposed optically stimulated luminescent crystals give off light proportional to the energy received from the radiation.
(237)“Occupational dose” means the dose received by an individual in the course of employment in which the individual’s assigned duties involve exposure to radiation, or to radioactive material from licensed and unlicensed sources of radiation, whether in the possession of the licensee, registrant or other person. Occupational dose does not include dose received from background radiation, from any medical administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals administered radioactive material and released under s. DHS 157.62 (8), from voluntary participation in medical research programs or as a member of the public.
(238)“Offshore platform radiography” means industrial radiography conducted from a platform over a body of water.
(239)“Offsite response organization” means the non-licensee offsite organizations that may be needed to respond to an emergency, including local fire, police, ambulance and hospital services.
(239m)“Ophthalmic physicist” means an individual who meets all of the following qualifications:
(a) Meets the requirements in ss. DHS 157.61 (11) and 157.65 (6m) (a) 2.
(b) Is identified as an ophthalmic physicist on a specific medical use license, or other equivalent permit or license issued by the department, the NRC or an agreement state, or broad scope medical use licensee.
(240)“Output” means the exposure rate, dose rate or a quantity related in a known manner to these rates from a brachytherapy source or a teletherapy, remote afterloader or gamma stereotactic radiosurgery unit for a specified set of exposure conditions.
(241)“Package” means the packaging together with its radioactive contents as presented for transport.
(242)“Packaging” means the assembly of components necessary to ensure compliance with the packaging requirements of 49 CFR Part 173, Subpart I. It may consist of one or more receptacles, absorbent materials, spacing structures, thermal insulation, radiation shielding and devices for cooling or absorbing mechanical shocks. The vehicle, tie-down system and auxiliary equipment may be designated as part of the packaging.
(243)“Panoramic dry-source-storage irradiator” means a device in which the irradiations occur in air in areas potentially accessible to personnel and in which the sources are stored in shields made of solid materials. The term includes beam-type dry-source-storage devices in which only a narrow beam of radiation is produced.
(244)“Panoramic irradiator” means a device in which the irradiations are performed in air in areas potentially accessible to personnel. The term includes beam-type devices.
(245)“Panoramic wet-source-storage irradiator” means a device in which the irradiations occur in air in areas potentially accessible to personnel and in which the sources are stored under water in a storage pool.
(246)“Pass box” means a box with openings on each side that is placed in a wall between an x-ray room and a darkroom allowing transfer of film holders between the 2 rooms.
(247)“Patient” means an individual or animal subjected to healing arts examination, diagnosis or treatment.
(247m)“PACS” means picture archiving and communication system.
(248)“Periodic quality control check” means a procedure that is performed to ensure that a previous calibration continues to be valid.
(249)“Permanent radiographic installation” means an enclosed shielded room, cell or vault, not located at a temporary jobsite, in which radiography is performed.
(250)“Person” means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, agency, political subdivision of this state, any other state or political subdivision or agency thereof and any legal successor, representative, agent or agency of the foregoing, but does not include federal government agencies or Indian tribes or bands.
(251)“Person in control” means the individual directly responsible for safe operation of the radiation installation.
(252)“Personal supervision” means guidance and instruction by the supervisor who is physically present at the jobsite and watching the performance of the operation in such proximity that contact may be maintained and immediate assistance given as required.
(252g)“Personnel dosimeter”means a dosimeter assigned to an individual.
(252r)“Personnel security screening system” means any x-ray equipment used on humans for security evaluation.
(253)“Phantom” means a volume of material behaving in a manner similar to tissue with respect to the attenuation and scattering of radiation.
Note: This requires that both the atomic number (Z) and the density of the material be similar to that of tissue.
(254)“Pharmacist” means an individual licensed under ch. 450, Stats., to practice pharmacy.
(255)“Physician” means a medical doctor or doctor of osteopathy licensed under ch. 448, Stats., to prescribe drugs in the practice of medicine.
(256)“Picture element” means an elemental area of a tomogram.
(257)“Planned special exposure” means an infrequent exposure to radiation, separate from and in addition to the annual occupational dose limits, that requires a licensee or registrant to calculate the dose to be received by individuals prior to initiation of the planned task, as required under s. DHS 157.22 (6).
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Published under s. 35.93, Stats. Updated on the first day of each month. Entire code is always current. The Register date on each page is the date the chapter was last published.