Chapter 968

968.08 968.08 Release by law enforcement officer of arrested person. A law enforcement officer having custody of a person arrested without a warrant may release the person arrested without requiring the person to appear before a judge if the law enforcement officer is satisfied that there are insufficient grounds for the issuance of a criminal complaint against the person arrested.

968.08 History History: 1993 a. 486.

968.085 968.085 Citation; nature; issuance; release of accused.

968.085(1) (1) Nature. A citation under this section is a directive, issued by a law enforcement officer, that a person appear in court and answer criminal charges. A citation is not a criminal complaint and may not be used as a substitute for a criminal complaint.

968.085(2) (2) Authority to issue; effect. Except as provided in sub. (8), a law enforcement officer may issue a citation to any person whom he or she has reasonable grounds to believe has committed a misdemeanor. A citation may be issued in the field or at the headquarters or precinct station of the officer instead of or subsequent to a lawful arrest. If a citation is issued, the person cited shall be released on his or her own recognizance. In determining whether to issue a citation, the law enforcement officer may consider whether:

968.085(2)(a) (a) The accused has given proper identification.

968.085(2)(b) (b) The accused is willing to sign the citation.

968.085(2)(c) (c) The accused appears to represent a danger of harm to himself or herself, another person or property.

968.085(2)(d) (d) The accused can show sufficient evidence of ties to the community.

968.085(2)(e) (e) The accused has previously failed to appear or failed to respond to a citation.

968.085(2)(f) (f) Arrest or further detention appears necessary to carry out legitimate investigative action in accordance with law enforcement agency policies.

968.085(3) (3) Contents. The citation shall do all of the following:

968.085(3)(a) (a) Identify the offense and section which the person is alleged to have violated, including the date, and if material, identify the property and other persons involved.

968.085(3)(b) (b) Contain the name and address of the person cited, or other identification if that cannot be ascertained.

968.085(3)(c) (c) Identify the officer issuing the citation.

968.085(3)(d) (d) Direct the person cited to appear for his or her initial appearance in a designated court, at a designated time and date.

968.085(4) (4) Service. A copy of the citation shall be delivered to the person cited, and the original must be filed with the district attorney.

968.085(5) (5) Review by district attorney. If the district attorney declines to prosecute, he or she shall notify the law enforcement agency which issued the citation. The law enforcement agency shall attempt to notify the person cited that he or she will not be charged and is not required to appear as directed in the citation.

968.085(6) (6) Citation no bar to criminal summons or warrant. The prior issuance of a citation does not bar the issuance of a summons or a warrant for the same offense.

968.085(7) (7) Preparation of form. The judicial conference shall prescribe the form and content of the citation under s. 758.171.

968.085(8) (8) Inapplicability to certain domestic abuse cases. A law enforcement officer may not issue a citation to a person for an offense if the officer is required to arrest the person for that offense under s. 968.075 (2).

968.085 History History: 1983 a. 433; 2005 a. 104.

968.09 968.09 Warrant on failure to appear.

968.09(1) (1) When a defendant or a witness fails to appear before the court as required, or violates a term of the defendant’s or witness’s bond or the defendant’s or witness’s probation, if any, the court may issue a bench warrant for the defendant’s or witness’s arrest which shall direct that the defendant or witness be brought before the court without unreasonable delay. The court shall state on the record at the time of issuance of the bench warrant the reason therefor.

968.09(2) (2) Prior to the defendant’s appearance in court after the defendant’s arrest under sub. (1), ch. 969 shall not apply.

968.09 History History: 1971 c. 298; 1993 a. 486.

968.09 Annotation A bench warrant may be directed to all law enforcement officers in the state without regard to whether the defendant is charged with a violation of a state statute or county ordinance. The form of the warrant should be as suggested by s. 968.04 (3) (a) 7. 62 Atty. Gen. 208.

968.10 968.10 Searches and seizures; when authorized. A search of a person, object or place may be made and things may be seized when the search is made:

968.10(1) (1) Incident to a lawful arrest;

968.10(2) (2) With consent;

968.10(3) (3) Pursuant to a valid search warrant;

968.10(4) (4) With the authority and within the scope of a right of lawful inspection;

968.10(5) (5) Pursuant to a search during an authorized temporary questioning as provided in s. 968.25; or

968.10(6) (6) As otherwise authorized by law.

968.10 Note NOTE: See the notes to article I, section 11, of the Wisconsin Constitution.

968.11 968.11 Scope of search incident to lawful arrest. When a lawful arrest is made, a law enforcement officer may reasonably search the person arrested and an area within such person’s immediate presence for the purpose of:

968.11(1) (1) Protecting the officer from attack;

968.11(2) (2) Preventing the person from escaping;

968.11(3) (3) Discovering and seizing the fruits of the crime; or

968.11(4) (4) Discovering and seizing any instruments, articles or things which may have been used in the commission of, or which may constitute evidence of, the offense.

968.11 Annotation The holding of Gant, 556 U.S. 332 (2009), that Belton, 453 U.S. 454 (1981), does not authorize a vehicle search incident to a recent occupant’s arrest after the arrestee has been secured and cannot access the interior of the vehicle is adopted as the proper interpretation of the Wisconsin Constitution’s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. State v. Dearborn, 2010 WI 84, 327 Wis. 2d 252, 786 N.W.2d 97, 07-1894.

968.11 Note NOTE: See also the notes to article I, section 11, of the Wisconsin Constitution.

968.12 968.12 Search warrant.

968.12(1) (1) Description and issuance. A search warrant is an order signed by a judge directing a law enforcement officer to conduct a search of a designated person, a designated object or a designated place for the purpose of seizing designated property or kinds of property. A judge shall issue a search warrant if probable cause is shown.

968.12(2) (2) Warrant upon affidavit. A search warrant may be based upon sworn complaint or affidavit, or testimony recorded by a phonographic reporter or under sub. (3) (d), showing probable cause therefor. The complaint, affidavit or testimony may be upon information and belief. The person requesting the warrant may swear to the complaint or affidavit before a notarial officer authorized under ch. 140 to take acknowledgments or before a judge, or a judge may place a person under oath via telephone, radio, or other means of electronic communication, without the requirement of face-to-face contact, to swear to the complaint or affidavit. The judge shall indicate on the search warrant that the person so swore to the complaint or affidavit.

968.12(3) (3) Warrant upon oral testimony.

968.12(3)(a) (a) General rule. A search warrant may be based upon sworn oral testimony communicated to the judge by telephone, radio or other means of electronic communication, under the procedure prescribed in this subsection.

968.12(3)(b) (b) Application and issuance.

968.12(3)(b)1. 1. ‘Duplicate originals.’ The person who is requesting the warrant may prepare a duplicate original warrant and read the duplicate original warrant, verbatim, to the judge. The judge shall enter, verbatim, what is read on the original warrant. The judge may direct that the warrant be modified. If the judge determines that there is probable cause for the warrant, the judge shall order the issuance of a warrant by directing the person requesting the warrant to sign the judge’s name on the duplicate original warrant. In addition, the person shall sign his or her own name on the duplicate original warrant. The judge shall immediately sign the original warrant and enter on the face of the original warrant the exact time when the warrant was ordered to be issued.

968.12(3)(b)2. 2. ‘Electronic transmission.’ The person who is requesting the warrant may sign his or her own name on the warrant and transmit it to the judge. The judge may modify the warrant. If the judge determines that there is probable cause for the warrant, the judge shall order the issuance of a warrant by signing the warrant and entering on the face of the warrant the exact time when the warrant was ordered to be issued. The judge shall immediately transmit the signed warrant to the person who requested it.

968.12(3)(c) (c) Probable cause. The finding of probable cause for a warrant upon oral testimony shall be based on the same kind of evidence as is sufficient for a warrant upon affidavit.

968.12(3)(d) (d) Recording and certification of testimony. When a caller informs the judge that the purpose of the call is to request a warrant, the judge shall place under oath each person whose testimony forms a basis of the application and each person applying for the warrant. The judge or requesting person shall arrange for all sworn testimony to be recorded either by a court reporter or by means of a voice recording device. The judge shall have the record transcribed. The transcript, certified as accurate by the judge or reporter, as appropriate, shall be filed with the court.

968.12(3)(e) (e) Contents. The contents of a warrant upon oral testimony shall be the same as the contents of a warrant upon affidavit.

968.12(3)(f) (f) Entry of time of execution. The person who executes the warrant shall enter the exact time of execution on the face of the duplicate original warrant.

968.12(4) (4) Location of search. A search warrant may authorize a search to be conducted anywhere in the state and may be executed pursuant to its terms anywhere in the state.

968.12(5) (5) Signatures. In this section, a person requesting a warrant and a judge issuing a warrant may sign by using an electronic signature, a handwritten signature, or a handwritten signature that is electronically imaged.

968.12 History History: 1971 c. 298; 1983 a. 443; Sup. Ct. Order, 141 Wis. 2d xiii (1987); Sup. Ct. Order No. 14-03, 2016 WI 29, 368 Wis. 2d xiii; 2017 a. 261; Sup. Ct. Order No. 19-01, 2019 WI 44, 386 Wis. 2d xvii; 2019 a. 125; 2021 a. 65.

968.12 Note Judicial Council Note, 1988: Sub. (2) is amended to eliminate the preference for written affidavits as the basis for search warrants. Telephoned testimony allows faster response and the transcribed record is no less adequate for review.

968.12 Note Sub. (3) (a) is amended to eliminate the preference for written affidavits as the basis for search warrants. Telephoned testimony allows faster response and the transcribed record is no less adequate for review.

968.12 Note Sub. (3) (c) is amended to eliminate the preference for written affidavits as the basis for search warrants. Telephoned testimony allows faster response and the transcribed record is no less adequate for review.

968.12 Note Sub. (3) (d) is amended to authorize that the testimony be recorded either by a stenographic reporter or a voice recording device. [Re Order effective Jan. 1, 1988]

968.12 Annotation Specific statutory authorization was not necessary for a judge to issue an order that authorized the procedures used to track the defendant’s cell phone because the order was supported by probable cause. Nonetheless, the order did comply with the spirit of this section and s. 968.135. State v. Tate, 2014 WI 89, 357 Wis. 2d 172, 849 N.W.2d 798, 12-0336.

968.12 Annotation A search warrant issued for the placement and use of a global positioning system (GPS) tracking device is not a warrant issued “for the purpose of seizing designated property or kinds of property” under sub. (1) and s. 968.13 and is therefore not subject to the requirements of s. 968.15 or 968.17. State v. Pinder, 2018 WI 106, 384 Wis. 2d 416, 919 N.W.2d 568, 17-0208.

968.12 Annotation The purpose of an oath or affirmation is to impress upon the swearing individual an appropriate sense of obligation to tell the truth. The statutes do not invoke specific, mandated language or formulaic procedures in the administration of an oath or affirmation. The oath or affirmation requirement is an issue of substance, not form. State v. Moeser, 2022 WI 76, 405 Wis. 2d 1, 982 N.W.2d 45, 19-2184.

968.12 Note NOTE: See also the notes to article I, section 11, of the Wisconsin Constitution.

968.13 968.13 Search warrant; property subject to seizure.

968.13(1) (1) A search warrant may authorize the seizure of the following:

968.13(1)(a) (a) Contraband, which includes without limitation because of enumeration lottery tickets, gambling machines or other gambling devices, lewd, obscene or indecent written matter, pictures, sound recordings or motion picture films, forged money or written instruments and the tools, dies, machines or materials for making them, and controlled substances, as defined in s. 961.01 (4), and controlled substance analogs, as defined in s. 961.01 (4m), and the implements for smoking or injecting them. Gambling machines or other gambling devices possessed by a shipbuilding business that complies with s. 945.095 are not subject to this section.

968.13(1)(b) (b) Anything which is the fruit of or has been used in the commission of any crime or of a violation of s. 346.63 or a local ordinance in conformity therewith.

968.13(1)(c) (c) Anything other than documents which may constitute evidence of any crime or of a violation of s. 346.63 or a local ordinance in conformity therewith.

968.13(1)(d) (d) Documents which may constitute evidence of any crime, if probable cause is shown that the documents are under the control of a person who is reasonably suspected to be concerned in the commission of that crime under s. 939.05 (2).

968.13(2) (2) In this section, “documents” includes, but is not limited to, books, papers, records, recordings, tapes, photographs, films or computer or electronic data.

968.13 History History: 1971 c. 219; 1979 c. 81; 1995 a. 11, 448; 2015 a. 183.

968.13 Annotation An adversary hearing is not necessary for the seizure of a limited quantity of obscene material as evidence but is necessary before more than evidentiary copies are seized. State ex rel. Howard v. O’Connell, 53 Wis. 2d 248, 192 N.W.2d 201 (1971).

968.13 Annotation “Contraband” under sub. (1) (a) is not limited to items that are per se illegal; it also encompasses items used, acquired, or transferred illegally, including money. State v. Jones, 226 Wis. 2d 565, 594 N.W.2d 738 (1999), 97-3306.

968.13 Annotation Future electronic data generated by a global positioning system (GPS) tracking device is not “electronic data” under the control of the individual as the term is used in sub. (2). State v. Pinder, 2018 WI 106, 384 Wis. 2d 416, 919 N.W.2d 568, 17-0208.

968.13 Note NOTE: See also the notes to article I, section 11, of the Wisconsin Constitution.

968.135 968.135 Subpoena for documents. Upon the request of the attorney general or a district attorney and upon a showing of probable cause under s. 968.12, a court shall issue a subpoena requiring the production of documents, as specified in s. 968.13 (2). The documents shall be returnable to the court which issued the subpoena. Motions to the court, including, but not limited to, motions to quash or limit the subpoena, shall be addressed to the court which issued the subpoena. Any person who unlawfully refuses to produce the documents may be compelled to do so as provided in ch. 785. This section does not limit or affect any other subpoena authority provided by law.

968.135 History History: 1979 c. 81, 177; 1983 a. 443 s. 4.

968.135 Annotation A bank’s voluntary surrender of records other than those demanded on the subpoena provided no basis for suppression. State v. Swift, 173 Wis. 2d 870, 496 N.W.2d 713 (Ct. App. 1993).

968.135 Annotation This section protects the interests of persons whose documents are sought in addition to protecting the interests of the person on whom a subpoena is served. The defendant had standing to challenge subpoenas issued to produce the defendant’s bank records. A person has standing to seek judicial intervention when that person has a personal stake in the outcome and is directly affected by the issues in controversy. State v. Popenhagen, 2008 WI 55, 309 Wis. 2d 601, 749 N.W.2d 611, 06-1114.

968.135 Annotation This section encompasses a motion to suppress documents in violation of this section and to suppress statements directly derived from those documents. The circuit court has discretion to suppress or allow evidence obtained in violation of a statute that does not specifically require suppression of evidence obtained contrary to the statute, depending on the facts and circumstances of the case and the objectives of the statute. State v. Popenhagen, 2008 WI 55, 309 Wis. 2d 601, 749 N.W.2d 611, 06-1114.

968.135 Annotation If a person were permitted to bring a motion to quash the subpoena for bank documents unlawfully obtained but not permitted to bring a motion to suppress incriminating statements derived directly from the unlawfully obtained bank documents, the person would not get the full benefit of the protections of the statute, and the underlying objectives of the statute would be defeated. State v. Popenhagen, 2008 WI 55, 309 Wis. 2d 601, 749 N.W.2d 611, 06-1114.

968.135 Annotation Specific statutory authorization was not necessary for a judge to issue an order that authorized the procedures used to track the defendant’s cell phone because the order was supported by probable cause. Nonetheless, the order did comply with the spirit of this section and s. 968.12. State v. Tate, 2014 WI 89, 357 Wis. 2d 172, 849 N.W.2d 798, 12-0336.

968.14 968.14 Use of force. All necessary force may be used to execute a search warrant or to effect any entry into any building or property or part thereof to execute a search warrant.

968.14 Annotation Officers acted legally when, armed with a search warrant, they knocked on a door, pushed it open when the defendant opened it two inches, and put the defendant under restraint before showing the warrant. State v. Meier, 60 Wis. 2d 452, 210 N.W.2d 685 (1973).

968.14 Annotation To dispense with the rule of announcement in executing a warrant, particular facts must be shown in each case that support an officer’s reasonable suspicion that exigent circumstances exist. An officer’s experience and training are valid relevant considerations. State v. Meyer, 216 Wis. 2d 729, 576 N.W.2d 260 (1998), 96-2243.

968.14 Annotation Irrespective of whether the search warrant authorizes a “no-knock” entry, reasonableness is determined when the warrant is executed. State v. Davis, 2000 WI App 270, 240 Wis. 2d 15, 622 N.W.2d 1, 99-2537.

968.14 Annotation There is no blanket exception to the knock and announce requirement for executing warrants. To justify no-knock entry, a reasonable suspicion that knocking and announcing will be dangerous, or futile, or will inhibit the effective investigation of a crime must exist. Richards v. Wisconsin, 520 U.S. 385, 117 S. Ct. 1416, 137 L. Ed. 2d 615 (1997).