Chapter 895

895.527(9) (9) An owner, operator, officer, or board member of a sport shooting range, and any employee or volunteer acting on behalf of the owner or operator who provided recommendations regarding the operation of a sport shooting range, are immune from any civil action based solely on the negligent action of a user of the sport shooting range.

895.527(10) (10) This section does not impair or diminish the private property rights of owners of property adjoining a sport shooting range.

895.527 History History: 1997 a. 242; 2001 a. 30; 2005 a. 155; 2009 a. 371; 2011 a. 35; 2013 a. 35, 202; 2021 a. 238 s. 44.

895.527 Annotation This section does not prohibit the application of a zoning ordinance to a sport shooting range unless the range was a lawful use under the ordinance as of June 18, 1998. Town of Avon v. Oliver, 2002 WI App 97, 253 Wis. 2d 647, 644 N.W.2d 260, 01-1851.

895.527 Annotation The Exculpatory Contract and Public Policy. Anzivino. 102 MLR 747 (2019).

895.528 895.528 Civil liability exemption; placement of markers in waterways.

895.528(1) (1) Except as provided in sub. (2), a person is immune from civil liability for damage or injury caused by placing, or failing to place, buoys or other markers in a waterway if all of the following apply:

895.528(1)(a) (a) The person holds, or acts under the direction of a person who holds, a permit or other approval from the department of natural resources that authorizes the placement of the buoys or markers in the waterway.

895.528(1)(b) (b) The permit or other approval described under par. (a) authorizes placement of buoys or markers for the purpose of identifying or marking hazards in the waterway.

895.528(2) (2) A person is not immune from civil liability under sub. (1) for damage or injury caused by placing, or failing to place, buoys or other markers in a waterway if the person intentionally causes the damage or injury.

895.528 History History: 2015 a. 91.

895.529 895.529 Civil liability limitation; duty of care owed to trespassers.

895.529(1) (1) In this section:

895.529(1)(a) (a) “Possessor of real property” means an owner, lessee, tenant, or other lawful occupant of real property.

895.529(1)(b) (b) “Trespasser” means a natural person who enters or remains upon property in possession of another without express or implied consent.

895.529(2) (2) Except as provided in sub. (3), a possessor of real property owes no duty of care to a trespasser.

895.529(3) (3) A possessor of real property may be liable for injury or death to a trespasser under the following circumstances:

895.529(3)(a) (a) The possessor of real property willfully, wantonly, or recklessly caused the injury or death. This paragraph does not apply if the possessor used reasonable and necessary force for the purpose of self-defense or the defense of others under s. 939.48 or used reasonable and necessary force for the protection of property under s. 939.49.

895.529(3)(b) (b) The person injured or killed was a child and all of the following apply:

895.529(3)(b)1. 1. The possessor of real property maintained, or allowed to exist, an artificial condition on the property that was inherently dangerous to children.

895.529(3)(b)2. 2. The possessor of real property knew or should have known that children trespassed on the property.

895.529(3)(b)3. 3. The possessor of real property knew or should have known that the artificial condition he or she maintained or allowed to exist was inherently dangerous to children and involved an unreasonable risk of serious bodily harm or death to children.

895.529(3)(b)4. 4. The injured or killed child, because of his or her youth or tender age, did not discover the condition or realize the risk involved in entering onto the property, or in playing in close proximity to the inherently dangerous artificial condition.

895.529(3)(b)5. 5. The possessor of real property could have reasonably provided safeguards that would have obviated the inherent danger without interfering with the purpose for which the artificial condition was maintained or allowed to exist.

895.529(4) (4) This section does not create or increase any liability on the part of a possessor of real property for circumstances not specified under this section and does not affect any immunity from or defenses to liability available to a possessor of real property under common law or another statute.

895.529 History History: 2011 a. 93.

895.529 Annotation Reading the phrase “other lawful occupant of real property” under sub. (1) (a) in context demonstrates that such a person must have some degree of possession or control over the property and the ability to give and withdraw consent to enter or remain on the property. Stroede v. Society Insurance, 2021 WI 43, 397 Wis. 2d 17, 959 N.W.2d 305, 18-1880.

895.53 895.53 Civil and criminal liability exemption; tests for intoxication.

895.53(1) (1) In this section:

895.53(1)(a) (a) “Conservation warden” means a person appointed as a conservation warden by the department of natural resources under s. 23.10 (1).

895.53(1)(b) (b) “Traffic officer” has the meaning specified in s. 340.01 (70).

895.53(2) (2) Any person withdrawing blood at the request of a traffic officer, law enforcement officer or conservation warden for the purpose of determining the presence or quantity of alcohol, controlled substances, controlled substance analogs or any combination of alcohol, controlled substances and controlled substance analogs is immune from any civil or criminal liability for the act, except for civil liability for negligence in the performance of the act.

895.53(3) (3) Any employer of the person under sub. (2) or any hospital where blood is withdrawn by that person has the same immunity from liability under sub. (2).

895.53 History History: 1983 a. 535; 1983 a. 538 s. 256; Stats. 1983 s. 895.53; 1985 a. 331; 1995 a. 448; 2005 a. 155.

895.532 895.532 Civil and criminal liability exemption; xylazine testing products.

895.532(1) (1) In this section, “xylazine testing product” means any materials used or intended for use in testing for the presence of xylazine or a xylazine analog in a substance.

895.532(2) (2) Any person who distributes a xylazine testing product is immune from civil or criminal liability for the death of or injury to an individual caused by the administration of the xylazine testing product.

895.532(3) (3) Any person who administers a xylazine testing product according to manufacturer instructions provided with the xylazine testing product is immune from civil or criminal liability for the act, except for civil liability for negligence in the performance of the act.

895.532 History History: 2023 a. 217.

895.535 895.535 Civil and criminal liability exemption; body cavity search.

895.535(1) (1) Any physician, physician assistant, or registered nurse licensed to practice in this state conducting a body cavity search pursuant to s. 968.255 is immune from any civil or criminal liability for the act, except for civil liability for negligence in the performance of the act.

895.535(2) (2) Any employer of the person under sub. (1) or any health care facility where the search is conducted by that person has the same immunity from liability under sub. (1).

895.535 History History: 2015 a. 238.

895.537 895.537 Liability exemption; sexual assault evidence collection.

895.537(1) (1) In this section:

895.537(1)(a) (a) “Health care professional” has the meaning given in s. 154.01 (3).

895.537(1)(b) (b) “Sexual assault forensic examination” has the meaning given in s. 165.775 (1) (d).

895.537(2) (2) Any health care professional conducting a sexual assault forensic examination pursuant to informed consent or a court order is immune from any civil or criminal liability for the act, except for civil liability for negligence in the performance of the act.

895.537(3) (3) Any employer of the person under sub. (2) or any health care facility where the sexual assault forensic examination is conducted by that person has the same immunity from liability under sub. (2).

895.537 History History: 2021 a. 116.

895.54 895.54 Liability exemption; notification of release. A person is immune from any liability regarding any act or omission regarding the notification of any applicable office or person under s. 51.37 (10), 304.06 (1), 971.17 (4m) or (6m) or 980.11. This section does not apply to willful or wanton acts or omissions.

895.54 History History: 1991 a. 269; 1993 a. 479.

895.55 895.55 Liability exemption; oil discharge control.

895.55(1) (1) In this section:

895.55(1)(a) (a) “Damages” means those damages specified in 33 USC 2702 (b) (2) and includes the cost of assessing those damages.

895.55(1)(b) (b) “Discharge” means, but is not limited to, spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying or dumping.

895.55(1)(c) (c) “Federal on-scene coordinator” means the federal official designated by the federal environmental protection agency or the U.S. coast guard to coordinate and direct responses under the national contingency plan.

895.55(1)(d) (d) “National contingency plan” means the plan prepared and published under 33 USC 1321 (d).

895.55(1)(e) (e) “Oil” means petroleum, hydrocarbon, vegetable or mineral oil of any kind or in any form and includes oil mixed with wastes other than dredged spoil.

895.55(1)(f) (f) “Person” means an individual, owner, operator, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, association, municipality, interstate agency, state agency or federal agency.

895.55(1)(g) (g) “Removal” means the containment and elimination of oil from water, shorelines and beaches or the taking of other actions, including disposal, as may be necessary to minimize or mitigate damages to public health and welfare, including to fish, shellfish, wildlife and public or private property, shorelines and beaches.

895.55(1)(h) (h) “Removal costs” means the costs of removal that are incurred after an oil discharge occurs or, if there is a substantial threat of an oil discharge, the costs to prevent, minimize or mitigate an oil discharge.

895.55(1)(i) (i) “State contingency plan” means the plan prepared and published under s. 292.11 (5).

895.55(2) (2) Notwithstanding any provision of s. 93.57, 299.11, 299.13, 299.31, 299.43, 299.45, 299.51, 299.53 or 299.55, subchs. II and IV of ch. 30, ch. 29, 281, 283, 289, 291, 292, or 323 or subch. II of ch. 295, or any other provision of this chapter, a person is immune from liability for damages resulting from the person’s acts or omissions and for the removal costs resulting from the person’s acts or omissions if all of the following conditions are met:

895.55(2)(a) (a) Those acts or omissions were taken while rendering assistance, advice or care related to the threat of an oil discharge into the navigable waters of this state or related to the removal of oil resulting from an oil discharge into the navigable waters of this state.

895.55(2)(b) (b) The assistance, advice or care was consistent with the national contingency plan or the state contingency plan or was otherwise directed by the federal on-scene coordinator or the secretary of natural resources.

895.55(3) (3) The immunity under sub. (2) does not extend to any person:

895.55(3)(a) (a) Who is required to act under s. 292.11 (3) because the person possessed or controlled the oil that was initially discharged into the navigable waters of this state or caused the initial discharge or initial threat of discharge of the oil into the navigable waters of this state.

895.55(3)(b) (b) Whose act or omission involves gross negligence or reckless, wanton or intentional misconduct.

895.55(3)(c) (c) Who causes personal injury or wrongful death.

895.55(4) (4) A person under sub. (3) (a) is liable for any damages or removal costs that another person is immune from under sub. (2).

895.55(5) (5) Nothing in this section affects the responsibility of a person under sub. (3) (a) to fulfill that person’s requirements under s. 292.11.

895.55 History History: 1995 a. 192; 1997 a. 35, 252; 2003 a. 33; 2009 a. 42.

895.555 895.555 Civil liability exemption; anhydrous ammonia.

895.555(1) (1) Liability exemption. Except as provided under sub. (2), any person who owns, maintains, or installs anhydrous ammonia equipment, as defined in s. 101.10 (1) (b), or who uses anhydrous ammonia for any legal purpose is immune from any civil liability for acts or omissions relating to the anhydrous ammonia equipment or to anhydrous ammonia that cause damage or injury to an individual, if that damage or injury occurs during the individual’s violation of s. 101.10 (3) (c), (d), (e), or (f).

895.555(2) (2) Exception. A person is not immune from civil liability under sub. (1) if the damage or injury is caused by the person’s reckless or wanton acts or omissions or by acts or omissions intended by the person to cause damage or injury.

895.555 History History: 2001 a. 3; 2005 a. 14, 155.

895.56 895.56 Liability exemption; handling of petroleum-contaminated soil under contract with the department of transportation.

895.56(1) (1) In this section:

895.56(1)(a) (a) “Person” means an individual, owner, operator, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, association, municipality, interstate agency, state agency, as defined in s. 1.12 (1) (b), or federal agency.

895.56(1)(b) (b) “Petroleum-contaminated soil” means soil contaminated with material derived from petroleum, natural gas or asphalt deposits, including gasoline, diesel and heating fuels, liquified petroleum gases, lubricants, waxes, greases and petrochemicals.

895.56(2) (2) A person is immune from liability arising under s. 292.11 and from any liability for the removal or remedying of petroleum-contaminated soil or for damages resulting from the person’s actions or omissions relating to petroleum-contaminated soil if all of the following apply:

895.56(2)(a) (a) The acts or omissions by the person occurred while performing a contract entered into under s. 84.06 (2), including acts or omissions by any person who has a direct contractual relationship with the prime contractor, as defined in s. 779.01 (2) (d), under a contract entered into under s. 84.06 (2) to perform labor or furnish materials.

895.56(2)(b) (b) In the course of performing a contract described in par. (a), petroleum-contaminated soil was encountered on the property on which the contracted activity is taking place, and the petroleum-contaminated soil cannot be avoided in performing the contract.

895.56(2)(c) (c) The acts or omissions involving petroleum-contaminated soil on the property were required by reasonably precise specifications in the contract entered into under s. 84.06 (2), and the acts or omissions conformed to those specifications, or were otherwise directed by the department of transportation or by the department of natural resources.

895.56(3) (3) Subsection (2) does not apply to any person to whom any of the following applies:

895.56(3)(a) (a) The person brought petroleum-contaminated soil onto the property or otherwise caused the initial contamination of the property with a hazardous substance, as defined in s. 292.01 (5).

895.56(3)(b) (b) The person’s act or omission constitutes gross negligence or involves reckless, wanton or intentional misconduct.

895.56(3)(c) (c) The person fails to warn the department of transportation or the department of natural resources about the presence of petroleum-contaminated soil encountered at the site, if the petroleum-contaminated soil was reasonably known to the person but not to the department of transportation or to the department of natural resources.