Chapter 788

788.01 Annotation The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) precludes states from singling out arbitration provisions for suspect status. When state law prohibits outright the arbitration of a particular type of claim, the conflicting rule is displaced by the FAA. This section prohibits outright enforcing arbitration agreements in employment disputes, which means that it is displaced by the FAA. Nevill v. Johnson Controls International PLC, 364 F. Supp. 3d 932 (2019).

788.01 Annotation Commercial Arbitration Agreements: Let the Signers Beware. Farmer. 61 MLR 466 (1978).

788.015 788.015 Agreement to arbitrate real estate transaction disputes. A provision in any written agreement between a purchaser or seller of real estate and a real estate broker, or between a purchaser and seller of real estate, to submit to arbitration any controversy between them arising out of the real estate transaction is valid, irrevocable and enforceable except upon any grounds that exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any agreement. The agreement may limit the types of controversies required to be arbitrated and specify a term during which the parties agree to be bound by the agreement.

788.015 History History: 1991 a. 163.

788.02 788.02 Stay of action to permit arbitration. If any suit or proceeding be brought upon any issue referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for such arbitration, the court in which such suit is pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or proceeding is referable to arbitration under such an agreement, shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement, providing the applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with such arbitration.

788.02 History History: 1979 c. 32 s. 64; Stats. 1979 s. 788.02.

788.02 Annotation Commencing litigation did not waive a contractual right to arbitration. J.J. Andrews, Inc. v. Midland, 164 Wis. 2d 215, 474 N.W.2d 756 (Ct. App. 1991).

788.02 Annotation The right to arbitrate may be waived. Conduct that allows an action to proceed to a point where the purpose of arbitration is frustrated estops a party from claiming a right to arbitration. Meyer v. Classified Insurance Corp. of Wisconsin, 179 Wis. 2d 386, 507 N.W.2d 149 (Ct. App. 1993).

788.02 Annotation In determining whether a dispute is arbitrable, a court’s function is limited to a determination of whether: 1) there is a construction of the arbitration clause that would cover the grievance on its face; and 2) any other provision of the contract specifically excludes it. Mortimore v. Merge Technologies Inc., 2012 WI App 109, 344 Wis. 2d 459, 824 N.W.2d 155, 11-1039.

788.02 Annotation In determining a court’s function in arbitration disputes, Wisconsin has adopted the following general teachings: 1) arbitration is a matter of contract, and, as such, no party can be compelled to arbitrate a matter that the party has not agreed to submit to arbitration; 2) the question of arbitrability is one for judicial determination unless the parties expressly agree otherwise; 3) in determining whether the parties have agreed to submit a matter for arbitration, the court does not consider the merits of the underlying claim; 4) contracts that contain arbitration clauses carry a strong presumption of arbitration; therefore, doubts are resolved in favor of arbitration coverage. Mortimore v. Merge Technologies Inc., 2012 WI App 109, 344 Wis. 2d 459, 824 N.W.2d 155, 11-1039.

788.02 Annotation Parties may contract broadly and agree to arbitrate even the issue of arbitrability. However, arbitrators cannot determine whether they have the authority to decide arbitrability unless the parties give arbitrators such authority. The evidence of this grant of authority must be clear and unmistakable; otherwise, the question of whether the parties agreed to arbitrate is to be decided by the court, not the arbitrator. Midwest Neurosciences Associates, LLC v. Great Lakes Neurosurgical Associates, LLC, 2018 WI 112, 384 Wis. 2d 669, 920 N.W.2d 767, 16-0601.

788.02 Annotation A court should order arbitration only if the court is satisfied that neither the formation of the parties’ arbitration agreement nor—absent a valid provision specifically committing such disputes to an arbitrator—its enforceability or applicability to the dispute is in issue. In answering both who determines arbitrability and what is subject to arbitration, a court applies state-law contract principles and this chapter. Accordingly, a court may invalidate an arbitration agreement based on generally applicable contract defenses like fraud or unconscionability, but not on legal rules that apply only to arbitration or that derive their meaning from the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue. Midwest Neurosciences Associates, LLC v. Great Lakes Neurosurgical Associates, LLC, 2018 WI 112, 384 Wis. 2d 669, 920 N.W.2d 767, 16-0601.

788.02 Annotation The procedure under this section is somewhat truncated in comparison to s. 788.03, but the circuit court’s responsibility is essentially the same. Both this section and s. 788.03 require the circuit court to do nothing more than determine whether the parties must arbitrate their dispute and then ensure that they do. L.G. v. Aurora Residential Alternatives, Inc., 2019 WI 79, 387 Wis. 2d 724, 929 N.W.2d 590, 18-0656.

788.02 Annotation An application to stay pursuant to this section is a special proceeding within the meaning of s. 808.03 (1), and a circuit court order denying a request to compel arbitration and stay a pending lawsuit is final for the purposes of appeal. L.G. v. Aurora Residential Alternatives, Inc., 2019 WI 79, 387 Wis. 2d 724, 929 N.W.2d 590, 18-0656.

788.02 Annotation Unless an arbitration agreement clearly and unmistakably provides otherwise, whether a party has waived the right to arbitrate through its litigation conduct is an issue for a court, not an arbitrator, to decide. In other words, there is a presumption that this issue will be resolved in court. U.S. Bank National Ass’n v. Klein, 2024 WI App 7, 410 Wis. 2d 598, 3 N.W.3d 726, 22-0920.

788.03 788.03 Court order to arbitrate; procedure. The party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect or refusal of another to perform under a written agreement for arbitration may petition any court of record having jurisdiction of the parties or of the property for an order directing that such arbitration proceed as provided for in such agreement. Five days’ notice in writing of such application shall be served upon the party in default. Service thereof shall be made as provided by law for the service of a summons. The court shall hear the parties, and upon being satisfied that the making of the agreement for arbitration or the failure to comply therewith is not in issue, the court shall make an order directing the parties to proceed to arbitration in accordance with the terms of the agreement. If the making of the arbitration agreement or the failure, neglect or refusal to perform the same is in issue, the court shall proceed summarily to the trial thereof. If no jury trial is demanded, the court shall hear and determine such issue. Where such an issue is raised, either party may, on or before the return day of the notice of application, demand a jury trial of such issue, and upon such demand the court shall make an order referring the issue to a jury summoned and selected under s. 756.06. If the jury finds that no agreement in writing for arbitration was made or that there is no default in proceeding thereunder, the proceeding shall be dismissed. If the jury finds that an agreement for arbitration was made in writing and that there is a default in proceeding thereunder, the court shall make an order summarily directing the parties to proceed with the arbitration in accordance with the terms thereof.

788.03 History History: Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d 585, 775 (1975); 1977 c. 187 s. 135; 1979 c. 32 s. 64; Stats. 1979 s. 788.03; Sup. Ct. Order No. 96-08, 207 Wis. 2d xv (1997).

788.03 Annotation An insured who acceded to the insurer’s refusal to arbitrate the insured’s uninsured motorist claim until after the insured’s passengers’ claims were litigated was not an “aggrieved party” within the meaning of this section. Worthington v. Farmers Insurance Exchange, 77 Wis. 2d 508, 253 N.W.2d 76 (1977).

788.03 Annotation In the absence of a reservation of rights, “partial participation” in the arbitration process may estop a party from challenging an arbitration agreement. Pilgrim Investment Corp. v. Reed, 156 Wis. 2d 677, 457 N.W.2d 544 (Ct. App. 1990).

788.03 Annotation This section is only available when an underlying lawsuit has not yet been filed. When a lawsuit has been commenced, a party may not use the special procedure outlined in this section to compel arbitration. The party may still seek an order to arbitrate, but it must do so in the court in which the underlying lawsuit is pending, not by initiating a separate action. Payday Loan Store of Wisconsin Inc. v. Krueger, 2013 WI App 25, 346 Wis. 2d 237, 828 N.W.2d 587, 12-0751.

788.03 Annotation Timeliness and estoppel defenses against arbitration are to be determined in the arbitration proceedings, not by a court in a proceeding under this section to compel arbitration. This conclusion in this case was based on Wisconsin’s public policy favoring arbitration, the arbitration agreement in this case, the Realtors Association’s arbitration procedures, the limited role of courts in actions to compel arbitration under this section, and relevant case law. First Weber Group, Inc. v. Synergy Real Estate Group, LLC, 2015 WI 34, 361 Wis. 2d 496, 860 N.W.2d 498, 13-1205.

788.03 Annotation The legislature has determined that the courts have a limited role in the context of arbitration. In an action to compel arbitration under this section, the issues are limited to the making of the arbitration agreement or the failure, neglect, or refusal to perform under the agreement. When determining whether a dispute is arbitrable, a court’s function is limited to a determination of whether there is a construction of the arbitration clause that would cover the grievance on its face and whether any other provision of the contract specifically excludes it. First Weber Group, Inc. v. Synergy Real Estate Group, LLC, 2015 WI 34, 361 Wis. 2d 496, 860 N.W.2d 498, 13-1205.

788.03 Annotation The procedure under s. 788.02 is somewhat truncated in comparison to this section, but the circuit court’s responsibility is essentially the same. Both this section and s. 788.02 require the circuit court to do nothing more than determine whether the parties must arbitrate their dispute and then ensure that they do. L.G. v. Aurora Residential Alternatives, Inc., 2019 WI 79, 387 Wis. 2d 724, 929 N.W.2d 590, 18-0656.

788.04 788.04 Arbitrators, how chosen.

788.04(1) (1) If, in the agreement, provision is made for a method of naming or appointing an arbitrator or arbitrators or an umpire that method shall be followed. If no method is provided in the agreement, or if a method is provided and any party thereto fails to make use of the method, or if for any other reason there is a lapse in the naming of an arbitrator or arbitrators or an umpire, or in filling a vacancy, then upon the application of either party to the controversy, the court specified in s. 788.02 or the circuit court for the county in which the arbitration is to be held shall designate and appoint an arbitrator, arbitrators or umpire, as the case or sub. (2) may require, who shall act under the agreement with the same force and effect as if specifically named in the agreement; and, except as provided in sub. (2) or unless otherwise provided in the agreement, the arbitration shall be by a single arbitrator.

788.04(2) (2) A panel of arbitrators, consisting of 3 persons shall be appointed to arbitrate actions to recover damages for injuries to the person arising from any treatment or operation performed by or any omission by any person who is required to be licensed, registered or certified to treat the sick as defined in s. 448.01 (10).

788.04(2)(a) (a) One arbitrator shall be appointed by the court from a list of attorneys with trial experience. The list shall be prepared and periodically revised by the State Bar of Wisconsin.

788.04(2)(b) (b) One arbitrator shall be appointed by the court from lists of health professionals prepared and periodically revised by the appropriate statewide organizations of health professionals. The lists shall designate the specialty, if any, of each health professional listed. The organizations of health professionals shall assist the court to determine the appropriate specialty of the arbitrator for each action to be arbitrated.

788.04(2)(c) (c) One arbitrator who is not an attorney or a health professional shall be appointed by the court.

788.04(2)(d) (d) Any person appointed to the arbitration panel may disqualify himself or herself or be disqualified by the court if any reason exists which requires disqualification. A substitute member of the arbitration panel shall be chosen in the same manner as the person disqualified was chosen.

788.04(2)(e) (e) No member of the panel may participate in any subsequent court proceeding on the action arbitrated as either a counsel or a witness unless the court deems the member’s testimony necessary for hearings under s. 788.10 or 788.11.

788.04 History History: 1975 c. 43, 199; 1977 c. 26 s. 75; 1977 c. 418 s. 929 (41); 1977 c. 449; 1979 c. 32 ss. 64, 92 (15); Stats. 1979 s. 788.04; 2001 a. 103.

788.05 788.05 Court procedure. Any application to the court hereunder shall be made and heard in the manner provided by law for the making and hearing of motions, except as otherwise herein expressly provided.

788.05 History History: 1979 c. 32 s. 64; Stats. 1979 s. 788.05.

788.06 788.06 Hearings before arbitrators; procedure.

788.06(1) (1) When more than one arbitrator is agreed to, all of the arbitrators shall hear the case unless all parties agree in writing to proceed with a lesser number.

788.06(2) (2) Any arbitrator may issue a subpoena under ch. 885 or may furnish blank forms therefor to a representative for any party to the arbitration. The representative may issue a subpoena under s. 805.07. The arbitrator or representative who issues the subpoena shall sign the subpoena and provide that the subpoena is served as prescribed in s. 805.07 (5). If any person so served neglects or refuses to obey the subpoena, the issuing party may petition the circuit court for the county in which the hearing is held to impose a remedial sanction under ch. 785 in the same manner provided for witnesses in circuit court. Witnesses and interpreters attending before an arbitration shall receive fees as prescribed in s. 814.67.

788.06 History History: 1985 a. 168.

788.07 788.07 Depositions. Upon petition, approved by the arbitrators or by a majority of them, any court of record in and for the county in which such arbitrators, or a majority of them, are sitting may direct the taking of depositions to be used as evidence before the arbitrators, in the same manner and for the same reasons as provided by law for the taking of depositions in suits or proceedings pending in the courts of record in this state.

788.07 History History: 1979 c. 32 s. 64; Stats. 1979 s. 788.07.

788.07 Annotation Arbitrators have no inherent authority to dictate the scope of discovery. Absent an express agreement, the parties are limited to the procedure for depositions, as described in this section. Borst v. Allstate Insurance Co., 2006 WI 70, 291 Wis. 2d 361, 717 N.W.2d 42, 04-2004.

788.07 Annotation For a party in arbitration to enjoy discovery outside of that allowed by this section, an insurance policy must provide for it expressly, explicitly, specifically, and in a clearly drafted clause. For a policy to adequately describe the discovery mechanisms to be used at arbitration, it must indicate in the policy that the mechanisms are in fact discovery mechanisms and that they are meant to be available at arbitration. A provision stating that “local rules of law as to procedure and evidence will apply” was not an explicit, specific, and clearly drafted reference to ch. 804 or to any other discovery rules. Marlowe v. IDS Property Casualty Insurance Co., 2013 WI 29, 346 Wis. 2d 450, 828 N.W.2d 812, 11-2067.

788.07 Annotation Borst Clarifies Arbitration Procedures. Frankel. Wis. Law. Dec. 2006.

788.08 788.08 Written awards. The award must be in writing and must be signed by the arbitrators or by a majority of them.

788.08 History History: 1979 c. 32 s. 64; Stats. 1979 s. 788.08.

788.09 788.09 Court confirmation award, time limit. At any time within one year after the award is made any party to the arbitration may apply to the court in and for the county within which such award was made for an order confirming the award, and thereupon the court must grant such an order unless the award is vacated, modified or corrected under s. 788.10 or 788.11. Notice in writing of the application shall be served upon the adverse party or the adverse party’s attorney 5 days before the hearing thereof.

788.09 History History: 1979 c. 32 s. 64; Stats. 1979 s. 788.09; 1981 c. 390; 1993 a. 486.

788.09 Annotation The time limit under s. 788.13 does not apply when the prevailing party moves to confirm under this section and the adverse party wishes to raise objections under ss. 788.10 and 788.11. Milwaukee Police Ass’n v. City of Milwaukee, 92 Wis. 2d 145, 285 N.W.2d 119 (1979).

788.10 788.10 Vacation of award, rehearing by arbitrators.

788.10(1) (1) In either of the following cases the court in and for the county wherein the award was made must make an order vacating the award upon the application of any party to the arbitration:

788.10(1)(a) (a) Where the award was procured by corruption, fraud or undue means;

788.10(1)(b) (b) Where there was evident partiality or corruption on the part of the arbitrators, or either of them;

788.10(1)(c) (c) Where the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing, upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy; or of any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced;

788.10(1)(d) (d) Where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made.

788.10(2) (2) Where an award is vacated and the time within which the agreement required the award to be made has not expired, the court may, in its discretion, direct a rehearing by the arbitrators.

788.10 History History: 1979 c. 32 s. 64; Stats. 1979 s. 788.10.

788.10 Annotation A court may order arbitrators to hear further testimony without establishing a new panel. Gallagher v. Schernecker, 60 Wis. 2d 143, 208 N.W.2d 437 (1973).

788.10 Annotation The interjection of a new contract time period in an amended final offer after the petition is filed presents a question beyond the statutory jurisdiction of the arbitrators. Milwaukee Deputy Sheriffs’ Ass’n v. Milwaukee County, 64 Wis. 2d 651, 221 N.W.2d 673 (1974).

788.10 Annotation Arbitration awards are presumptively valid, and an award may not be attacked on the grounds that a portion of it could conceivably be allocable to an allegedly improper item. Scherrer Construction Co. v. Burlington Memorial Hospital, 64 Wis. 2d 720, 221 N.W.2d 855 (1974).

788.10 Annotation Contacts between the arbitrator and one party outside the presence of the other do not in themselves justify vacating an award to the party involved if the challenger does not demonstrate either improper intent or influence by clear and convincing evidence. City of Manitowoc v. Manitowoc Police Department, 70 Wis. 2d 1006, 236 N.W.2d 231 (1975).

788.10 Annotation An arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s authority under sub. (1) (d) in determining that the discharge of a city employee for a violation of an ordinance residency requirement was not for just cause within the meaning of the collective bargaining agreement. WERC v. Teamsters Local No. 563, 75 Wis. 2d 602, 250 N.W.2d 696 (1977).

788.10 Annotation An arbitrator did not exceed the arbitrator’s powers by adopting a ministerial-substantive distinction in determining the scope of the unfettered management function provided by agreement. The arbitrator did exceed the arbitrator’s powers by ordering maintenance of past practice without finding that the agreement required such action. Milwaukee Professional Firefighters, Local 215 v. City of Milwaukee, 78 Wis. 2d 1, 253 N.W.2d 481 (1977).

788.10 Annotation Arbitrators did not exceed their authority by arbitrating a grievance under a “discharge and nonrenewal” clause of a collective bargaining agreement when the contract offered by the board was signed by a teacher after deleting the title “probationary contract” and the board did not accept this counteroffer or offer the teacher a second contract. Joint School District No. 10 v. Jefferson Education Ass’n, 78 Wis. 2d 94, 253 N.W.2d 536 (1977).

788.10 Annotation Although the report of an arbitrator did not explicitly mention a counterclaim, the trial court did not err in determining that the denial of the counterclaim was implicit in the report. The failure of the arbitrator to set forth theories or support the arbitrator’s findings is not grounds for objection to the arbitrator’s award. McKenzie v. Warmka, 81 Wis. 2d 591, 260 N.W.2d 752 (1978).

788.10 Annotation Discussing the disclosure requirements for neutral arbitrators regarding the vacation of an award under sub. (1) (b). Richco Structures v. Parkside Village, Inc., 82 Wis. 2d 547, 263 N.W.2d 204 (1978).

788.10 Annotation Courts should apply one standard of review of arbitration awards under municipal collective bargaining agreements. Madison Metropolitan School District v. WERC, 86 Wis. 2d 249, 272 N.W.2d 314 (Ct. App. 1978).

788.10 Annotation The time limit under s. 788.13 does not apply when the prevailing party moves to confirm under s. 788.09 and an adverse party wishes to raise objections under ss. 788.10 and 788.11. Milwaukee Police Ass’n v. City of Milwaukee, 92 Wis. 2d 145, 285 N.W.2d 119 (1979).

788.10 Annotation An arbitrator appointed under a specific contract had no power to make awards under successor contracts not in existence at the time the grievance was submitted. Milwaukee Board of School Directors v. Milwaukee Teachers’ Education Ass’n, 93 Wis. 2d 415, 287 N.W.2d 131 (1980).

788.10 Annotation An arbitrator exceeded the arbitrator’s authority by directing that the grievant be transferred when the contract reserved transfer authority to the city and chief of police. City of Milwaukee v. Milwaukee Police Ass’n, 97 Wis. 2d 15, 292 N.W.2d 841 (1980).

788.10 Annotation Although a contract gave management the right to determine job description classifications, the arbitrator did not exceed the arbitrator’s authority by overruling management’s determination that an employee with eight years of job experience was not qualified for promotion to a job requiring two years of college “or its equivalent as determined by management.” City of Oshkosh v. Oshkosh Public Library Clerical Employees Union Local 796-A, 99 Wis. 2d 95, 299 N.W.2d 210 (1980).

788.10 Annotation The burden of proving “evident partiality” of an arbitrator was not met when the apparently biased remarks of the arbitrator represented merely an initial impression, not a final conclusion. Diversified Management Services, Inc. v. Slotten, 119 Wis. 2d 441, 351 N.W.2d 176 (Ct. App. 1984).

788.10 Annotation An award was vacated for “evident partiality” because the arbitrator failed to disclose past employment with the entity supplying a party’s counsel. School District v. Northwest United Educators, 136 Wis. 2d 263, 401 N.W.2d 578 (1987).

788.10 Annotation A party cannot complain to the courts that an arbitrator acted outside the scope of the arbitrator’s authority if an objection was not raised before the arbitrator. DePue v. Mastermold, Inc., 161 Wis. 2d 697, 468 N.W.2d 750 (Ct. App. 1991).

788.10 Annotation A party disputing the existence of an agreement to arbitrate may choose not to participate in arbitration and may challenge the existence of the agreement by motion to vacate the award under sub. (1) (d). Scholl v. Lundberg, 178 Wis. 2d 259, 504 N.W.2d 115 (Ct. App. 1993).

788.10 Annotation If arbitrators had a reasonable basis for not following case law, the arbitrators’ decision will not be interfered with by the court. Lukowski v. Dankert, 184 Wis. 2d 142, 515 N.W.2d 883 (1994).

788.10 Annotation “Evident partiality” under sub. (1) (b) exists only when a reasonable person knowing previously undisclosed information would have such doubts about the arbitrator’s impartiality that the person would have taken action on the information. DeBaker v. Shah, 194 Wis. 2d 104, 533 N.W.2d 464 (1995).

788.10 Annotation This section does not prevent the vacation of an arbitration award on the basis of a manifest disregard of the law. Employers Insurance of Wausau v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s London, 202 Wis. 2d 673, 552 N.W.2d 420 (Ct. App. 1996), 95-2930.

788.10 Annotation An arbitrator’s award that relied on oral testimony with no formal record, rather than the wording of the prevailing party’s proposal, was not final and definite as required by sub. (1) (d). La Crosse Professional Police Ass’n v. City of La Crosse, 212 Wis. 2d 90, 568 N.W.2d 20 (Ct. App. 1997), 96-2741.

788.10 Annotation Courts may vacate an arbitration award that was procured by fraud, but should be hesitant to do so in order to protect the finality of arbitration decisions. To merit vacation of the award, the plaintiff must demonstrate: 1) clear and convincing evidence of fraud; 2) that the fraud materially relates to an issue involved in the arbitration; and 3) that due diligence would not have prompted the discovery of the fraud during or prior to the arbitration. Steichen v. Hensler, 2005 WI App 117, 283 Wis. 2d 755, 701 N.W.2d 1, 03-2990.

788.10 Annotation Evident partiality under sub. (1) (b) cannot be avoided simply by a full disclosure and a declaration of impartiality. The circuit court must vacate an arbitration award under sub. (1) (b) due to evident partiality if, based on evidence that is clear, plain, and apparent, a reasonable person would have serious doubts about the impartiality of the arbitrator. An ongoing attorney-client relationship between an insurer and its named arbitrator is of such a substantial nature that a reasonable person would have serious doubts about the partiality of the arbitrator. Therefore, as a matter of law, the arbitrator was evidently partial, and the arbitration award must be vacated. Borst v. Allstate Insurance Co., 2006 WI 70, 291 Wis. 2d 361, 717 N.W.2d 42, 04-2004.

788.10 Annotation A presumption of impartiality among all arbitrators, whether named by the parties or not, is adopted. This presumption may be rebutted, and an arbitrator may act as a non-neutral when the parties contract for non-neutral arbitrators or the arbitration rules otherwise provide for non-neutral arbitrators. Borst v. Allstate Insurance Co., 2006 WI 70, 291 Wis. 2d 361, 717 N.W.2d 42, 04-2004.

788.10 Annotation Sub. (1) (d) requires a court to vacate an arbitrator’s award when the arbitrator exceeds his or her powers. Arbitration awards must be vacated when they conflict with governing law, as set forth in the constitution, a statute, or case law interpreting the constitution or a statute. Racine County v. International Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers, 2008 WI 70, 310 Wis. 2d 508, 751 N.W.2d 312, 06-0964.

788.10 Annotation Courts will vacate an award when arbitrators exceeded their powers through perverse misconstruction, positive misconduct, a manifest disregard of the law, or when the award is illegal or in violation of strong public policy. When there is no contractual language that would allow for the arbitrator’s construction, there is no reasonable foundation for the award. In such a case, the arbitrator perversely misconstrues the contract and exceeds the authority granted by the collective bargaining agreement. Baldwin-Woodville Area School District v. West Central Education Ass’n, 2009 WI 51, 317 Wis. 2d 691, 766 N.W.2d 591, 08-0519. See also Milwaukee Police Supervisors’ Organization v. City of Milwaukee, 2012 WI App 59, 341 Wis. 2d 361; 815 N.W.2d 391, 11-1174.

788.10 Annotation The arbitration panel’s decision in this case was properly modified by the circuit court under this section and s. 788.11 because the arbitrators exceeded their authority by failing to fully review and apply the supreme court’s decisions on the collateral source rule and the law of damages. Orlowski v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 2012 WI 21, 339 Wis. 2d 1, 810 N.W.2d 775, 09-2848.

788.10 Annotation A party involved in an arbitration proceeding must ordinarily wait until the arbitrators have reached a final decision on the award to be given, if any, before turning to the circuit courts. Courts that have permitted interlocutory review during an arbitration proceeding have done so only in rare circumstances that present a compelling reason to depart from the normal practice, balancing the need for efficient and orderly arbitration proceedings with the need for an occasional exception to accommodate especially urgent or potentially irreparably prejudicial matters that demand the immediate attention of the courts. Marlowe v. IDS Property Casualty Insurance Co., 2013 WI 29, 346 Wis. 2d 450, 828 N.W.2d 812, 11-2067.

788.10 Annotation During an arbitration, a proper time to raise an objection in order to preserve it is before the arbitration award is issued. The arbitral award is the arbitrator’s decision on the merits of the disputes that were subjected to arbitration. Therefore, as long as an objection to a new issue is raised before the merits are decided, the policy goals underlying forfeiture are protected and the fairness of the proceeding is preserved. In this case, because a party objected to the arbitrator’s sleeping following the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, but before the arbitrator issued the arbitral award, the party did not forfeit its objection. Loren Imhoff Homebuilder, Inc. v. Taylor, 2022 WI 12, 400 Wis. 2d 611, 970 N.W.2d 831, 19-2205.

788.10 Annotation An omission by an arbitrator that deprives the parties of the benefit of execution of a fundamental duty assigned to the arbitrator through the mutual agreement of the parties can constitute such imperfect execution of an arbitrator’s powers that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made under sub. (1) (d). In this case, the arbitrator failed to perform a fundamental duty that was assigned to him as the arbitrator: remain awake to consider the presentation of material evidence, most notably significant portions of the testimony of the expert called by the homeowners. Loren Imhoff Homebuilder, Inc. v. Taylor, 2022 WI App 14, 401 Wis. 2d 510, 973 N.W.2d 836, 19-2205.

788.10 Annotation There is a role for trial court fact finding in response to some categories of challenges to arbitration orders, and the clearly erroneous standard applies to the court of appeals’ review of that fact finding. Loren Imhoff Homebuilder, Inc. v. Taylor, 2022 WI App 14, 401 Wis. 2d 510, 973 N.W.2d 836, 19-2205.

788.10 Annotation Arbitrators exceed their powers when: 1) they demonstrate “perverse misconstruction” or “positive misconduct”; 2) they manifestly disregard the law; 3) the award is illegal; or 4) the award violates a strong public policy. A court will reverse an arbitration award as manifestly disregarding the law when the arbitrator fails to examine and apply the relevant law because parties to arbitration have a legitimate expectation that the governing law will be followed and applied properly. However, a court will not reverse an arbitration award for mere errors of judgment as to law or fact on the part of the arbitrator. Arbitrators are bound to follow precedent, but they are not expected to anticipate how a court might apply or extend that precedent when faced with novel arguments or fact scenarios. Parties do not have the same “legitimate expectation” regarding new applications of the law that they have in established applications. Green Bay Professional Police Ass’n v. City of Green Bay, 2023 WI 33, 407 Wis. 2d 11, 988 N.W.2d 664, 21-0102.