632.26 AnnotationLegislative Council Note, 1979: Subsection (1) is former s. 632.32 (1), altered in 2 ways: (1) to extend its coverage to all liability policies; and (2) to change “may” to “shall”. The subsection is divided into 2 paragraphs for clarity.
632.26 AnnotationThe first change would strengthen the law. It is entirely new and seems a desirable extension.
632.26 AnnotationThe second change corrects an error. The word “shall” was used in the fourth draft of the bill that ultimately became ch. 375, laws of 1975, and was not changed in the addendum to the fourth draft, dated July 14, 1975. Those documents went to the insurance laws revision committee and then to the legislative council for action. Nothing appears in the minutes of the committee’s meeting of July 14, 1975 to indicate that a change was made. But in LRB-6218/1 of 1975, “may” appears instead of “shall”. That error, which was probably inadvertent and the source of which we have not been able to trace, was carried on into the final enactment.
632.26 AnnotationSub. (2) continues the second sentence of former s. 632.34 (4). Shifting it to s. 632.26, which is applicable to all liability insurance, broadens its application, but that seems desirable. The term “burden of proof” is changed to “risk of nonpersuasion” to tighten up the meaning. “Burden of proof” is a broad term that comprehends 2 separate concepts: (1) the burden of going forward with the evidence and (2) the burden of persuading the trier of fact, better termed the “risk of nonpersuasion”. See McCormick, Evidence, (2nd ed.), at 784 n. 4 (1972). The statute is concerned with determining who wins when the totality of evidence is inconclusive, not with the burden of going forward, which ought to be settled on the basis of general principles. Indeed, since the insurer will have best (or the only) access to information about prejudice, it may be quite unfair to put the burden of going forward on the claimant.
632.26 AnnotationSubs. (1) (b) and (2) are related. The first is a required provision in the policy. The 2nd is a rule of law. It is preferable not to go too far in inserting excuses into the policy. Sub. (1) (b) encourages the insured not to give up automatically if notice is not timely given, but insertion of sub. (2) into the policy would arguably encourage an unduly long delay that might prejudice both parties. [Bill 146-S]
632.26 AnnotationWhen the insurer denied coverage within the time that the insured could have submitted the insured’s proofs in response to the insurer’s request for more information, the insurer waived the defense of lack of notice. Ehlers v. Colonial Penn Insurance Co., 81 Wis. 2d 64, 259 N.W.2d 718 (1977). 632.26 AnnotationThe failure of policyholders to give notice to an underinsurer of a settlement between the insured and the tortfeasor does not bar underinsured motorist coverage in the absence of prejudice to the insurer. There is a rebuttable presumption of prejudice when there is a lack of notice, with the burden on the insured to prove by the greater weight of the evidence that the insurer was not prejudiced. Ranes v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co., 219 Wis. 2d 49, 580 N.W.2d 197 (1998), 97-0441. 632.26 AnnotationWisconsin’s notice-prejudice statutes, this section and s. 631.81, do not supersede the reporting requirement specific to claims-made-and-reported policies. Anderson v. Aul, 2015 WI 19, 361 Wis. 2d 63, 862 N.W.2d 304, 13-0500. AUTOMOBILE AND MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE
632.32632.32 Provisions of motor vehicle insurance policies. 632.32(1)(1) Scope. Except as otherwise provided, this section applies to every policy of insurance issued or delivered in this state against the insured’s liability for loss or damage resulting from accident caused by any motor vehicle, whether the loss or damage is to property or to a person. 632.32(2)(ab)(ab) “Commercial automobile liability policy” means a liability insurance policy that is intended principally to provide primary coverage for the insured’s liability arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle in the insured’s business or other commercial activities. 632.32(2)(ac)(ac) “Commercial liability policy” means any form of liability insurance policy, including a commercial or business package policy or a policy written on farm and agricultural operations, that is intended principally to provide primary coverage for the insured’s general liability arising out of its business or other commercial activities, and that includes coverage for the insured’s liability arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle as only one component of the policy or as coverage that is only incidental to the principal purpose of the policy. “Commercial liability policy” does not include a worker’s compensation policy or a commercial automobile liability policy. 632.32(2)(am)(am) “Medical payments coverage” means coverage to indemnify for medical payments or chiropractic payments or both for the protection of all persons using the insured motor vehicle from losses resulting from bodily injury or death. 632.32(2)(at)(at) “Motor vehicle” means a self-propelled land motor vehicle designed for travel on public roads and subject to motor vehicle registration under ch. 341. A trailer or semitrailer that is designed for use with and connected to a motor vehicle shall be considered a single unit with the motor vehicle. “Motor vehicle” does not include farm tractors, well drillers, road machinery, or snowmobiles. 632.32(2)(b)(b) “Motor vehicle handler” means any of the following: 632.32(2)(b)3.3. A repair shop, service station, storage garage or public parking place. 632.32(2)(be)(be) “Owned motor vehicle” means a motor vehicle that is owned by the insured or that is leased by the insured for a term of 6 months or longer. 632.32(2)(bh)(bh) “Phantom motor vehicle” means a motor vehicle to which all of the following apply: 632.32(2)(bh)1.1. The motor vehicle is involved in an accident with a person who has uninsured motorist coverage. 632.32(2)(bh)2.2. In the accident, the motor vehicle makes no physical contact with the insured or with a vehicle the insured is occupying. 632.32(2)(bh)3.3. The identity of neither the operator nor the owner of the motor vehicle can be ascertained. 632.32(2)(cm)(cm) “Umbrella or excess liability policy” means an insurance contract providing at least $1,000,000 of liability coverage per person or per occurrence in excess of certain required underlying liability insurance coverage or a specified amount of self-insured retention. 632.32(2)(d)(d) “Underinsured motorist coverage” means coverage for the protection of persons insured under that coverage who are legally entitled to recover damages for bodily injury, death, sickness, or disease from owners or operators of underinsured motor vehicles. 632.32(2)(f)(f) “Uninsured motorist coverage” means coverage for the protection of persons insured under that coverage who are legally entitled to recover damages for bodily injury, death, sickness, or disease from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles. 632.32(2)(g)(g) “Uninsured motor vehicle” means a motor vehicle, other than a motor vehicle owned by a governmental unit, that is involved in an accident with a person who has uninsured motorist coverage and with respect to which, at the time of the accident, a bodily injury liability insurance policy is not in effect and the owner or operator has not furnished proof of financial responsibility for the future under subch. III of ch. 344 and is not a self-insurer under any other applicable motor vehicle law. “Uninsured motor vehicle” also includes any of the following motor vehicles, other than a motor vehicle owned by a governmental unit, involved in an accident with a person who has uninsured motorist coverage: 632.32(2)(g)1.1. An insured motor vehicle, or a motor vehicle with respect to which the owner or operator is a self-insurer under any applicable motor vehicle law, if before or after the accident the liability insurer of the motor vehicle, or the self-insurer, is declared insolvent by a court of competent jurisdiction. 632.32(2)(g)2.2. A phantom motor vehicle, if all of the following apply: 632.32(2)(g)2.a.a. The facts of the accident are corroborated by competent evidence that is provided by someone other than the insured or any other person who makes a claim against the uninsured motorist coverage as a result of the accident. 632.32(2)(g)2.b.b. Within 72 hours after the accident, the insured or someone on behalf of the insured reports the accident to a police, peace, or judicial officer or to the department of transportation or, if the accident occurs outside of Wisconsin, the equivalent agency in the state where the accident occurs. 632.32(2)(g)2.c.c. Within 30 days after the accident occurs, the insured or someone on behalf of the insured files with the insurer a statement under oath that the insured or a legal representative of the insured has a cause of action arising out of the accident for damages against a person whose identity is not ascertainable and setting forth the facts in support of the statement. 632.32(2)(g)3.3. An unidentified motor vehicle involved in a hit-and-run accident with the person. 632.32(2)(h)(h) “Using” includes driving, operating, manipulating, riding in and any other use. 632.32(3)(3) Required provisions. Except as provided in sub. (5), every policy subject to this section issued to an owner shall provide that: 632.32(3)(a)(a) Coverage provided to the named insured applies in the same manner and under the same provisions to any person using any motor vehicle described in the policy when the use is for purposes and in the manner described in the policy. 632.32(3)(b)(b) Coverage extends to any person legally responsible for the use of the motor vehicle. 632.32(4)(4) Required uninsured motorist and medical payments coverages. 632.32(4)(a)(a) Except as provided in par. (d), every policy of insurance subject to this section that insures with respect to any motor vehicle registered or principally garaged in this state against loss resulting from liability imposed by law for bodily injury or death suffered by any person arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle shall contain therein or supplemental thereto provisions for all of the following coverages: 632.32(4)(a)1.1. Excluding a policy written by a town mutual organized under ch. 612, uninsured motorist coverage, in limits of at least $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident. 632.32(4)(a)2.2. Medical payments coverage, in the amount of at least $1,000 per person. Coverage written under this subdivision may be excess coverage over any other source of reimbursement to which the insured person has a legal right. 632.32(4)(bc)(bc) Notwithstanding par. (a) 2., the named insured may reject medical payments coverage. If one named insured rejects the coverage, the coverage need not be provided in a subsequent renewal policy issued by the same insurer unless a named insured under the policy requests it in writing. 632.32(4)(c)(c) Unless an insurer waives the right to subrogation, insurers making payment under any of the coverages under this subsection shall, to the extent of the payment, be subrogated to the rights of their insureds. 632.32(4)(d)(d) This subsection does not apply to a commercial liability policy if the coverage it provides for the insured’s liability arising out of the maintenance or use of a motor vehicle is limited to coverage for motor vehicles that are not owned motor vehicles, or to an umbrella or excess liability policy. If a commercial liability policy or an umbrella or excess liability policy provides medical payments coverage or uninsured motorist coverage, however, the coverage must have limits of at least those specified in par. (a). 632.32 Cross-referenceCross-reference: See also s. Ins 6.77, Wis. adm. code. 632.32(4m)(a)(a) Except as provided in par. (e), an insurer writing policies that insure with respect to a motor vehicle registered or principally garaged in this state against loss resulting from liability imposed by law for bodily injury or death suffered by a person arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle shall provide to one named insured under each such insurance policy that goes into effect after November 1, 2011, that is written by the insurer and that does not include underinsured motorist coverage written notice of the availability of underinsured motorist coverage, including a brief description of the coverage. An insurer is required to provide the notice required under this paragraph only one time and in conjunction with the delivery of the policy. 632.32(4m)(b)(b) Acceptance or rejection of underinsured motorist coverage by a person after being notified under par. (a) need not be in writing. The absence of a premium payment for underinsured motorist coverage is conclusive proof that the person has rejected such coverage. The rejection of such coverage by the person notified under par. (a) shall apply to all persons insured under the policy, including any renewal of the policy. 632.32(4m)(c)(c) If a person rejects underinsured motorist coverage after being notified under par. (a), the insurer is not required to provide such coverage under a policy that is renewed to the person by that insurer unless an insured under the policy subsequently requests such underinsured motorist coverage in writing. 632.32(4m)(d)(d) If an insured accepts underinsured motorist coverage, the insurer shall include the coverage in limits of at least $50,000 per person and $100,000 per accident. 632.32(4m)(e)(e) This subsection does not apply to a commercial liability policy if the coverage it provides for the insured’s liability arising out of the maintenance or use of a motor vehicle is limited to coverage for motor vehicles that are not owned motor vehicles, or to an umbrella or excess liability policy. If a commercial liability policy or an umbrella or excess liability policy provides underinsured motorist coverage, however, the coverage must have limits of at least those specified in par. (d). 632.32(5)(a)(a) A policy may limit coverage to use that is with the permission of the named insured or, if the insured is an individual, to use that is with the permission of the named insured or an adult member of that insured’s household other than a chauffeur or domestic servant. The permission is effective even if it violates s. 343.45 (2) and even if the use is not authorized by law. 632.32(5)(b)(b) If the policy is issued to anyone other than a motor vehicle handler, it may limit the coverage afforded to a motor vehicle handler or its officers, agents or employees to the limits under s. 344.01 (2) (d) and to instances when there is no other valid and collectible insurance with at least those limits whether the other insurance is primary, excess or contingent. 632.32(5)(c)(c) If the policy is issued to a motor vehicle handler, it may restrict coverage afforded to anyone other than the motor vehicle handler or its officers, agents or employees to the limits under s. 344.01 (2) (d) and to instances when there is no other valid and collectible insurance with at least those limits whether the other insurance is primary, excess or contingent. 632.32(5)(d)(d) If a motor vehicle covered by the policy is sold or transferred, the purchaser or transferee is not an additional insured unless the consent of the insurer is endorsed on the policy. 632.32(5)(e)(e) A policy may provide for exclusions not prohibited by sub. (6) or other applicable law. Such exclusions are effective even if incidentally to their main purpose they exclude persons, uses or coverages that could not be directly excluded under sub. (6) (b). 632.32(5)(f)(f) A policy may provide that, regardless of the number of policies involved, vehicles involved, persons covered, claims made, vehicles or premiums shown on the policy, or premiums paid, the limits for any coverage under the policy may not be added to the limits for similar coverage applying to other motor vehicles to determine the limit of insurance coverage available for bodily injury or death suffered by a person in any one accident. 632.32(5)(g)(g) A policy may provide that the maximum amount of uninsured motorist coverage, underinsured motorist coverage, or medical payments coverage available for bodily injury or death suffered by a person who was not using a motor vehicle at the time of an accident is the highest single limit of uninsured motorist coverage, underinsured motorist coverage, or medical payments coverage, whichever is applicable, for any motor vehicle with respect to which the person is insured. 632.32(5)(i)(i) A policy may provide that the limits under the policy for uninsured motorist coverage or underinsured motorist coverage for bodily injury or death resulting from any one accident shall be reduced by any of the following that apply: 632.32(5)(i)1.1. Amounts paid by or on behalf of any person or organization that may be legally responsible for the bodily injury or death for which the payment is made. 632.32(5)(i)2.2. Amounts paid or payable under any worker’s compensation law. 632.32(5)(i)3.3. Amounts paid or payable under any disability benefits laws. 632.32(5)(j)(j) A policy may provide that any coverage under the policy does not apply to a loss resulting from the use of a motor vehicle that meets all of the following conditions: 632.32(5)(j)1.1. Is owned by the named insured, or is owned by the named insured’s spouse or a relative of the named insured if the spouse or relative resides in the same household as the named insured. 632.32(5)(j)2.2. Is not described in the policy under which the claim is made. 632.32(5)(j)3.3. Is not covered under the terms of the policy as a newly acquired or replacement motor vehicle. 632.32(6)(a)(a) No policy issued to a motor vehicle handler may exclude coverage upon any of its officers, agents or employees when any of them are using motor vehicles owned by customers doing business with the motor vehicle handler. 632.32(6)(b)(b) No policy may exclude from the coverage afforded or benefits provided: 632.32(6)(b)1.1. Persons related by blood, marriage or adoption to the insured. 632.32(6)(b)2.a.a. Any person who is a named insured or passenger in or on the insured vehicle, with respect to bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death resulting therefrom, to that person. 632.32(6)(b)2.b.b. This subdivision, as it relates to passengers, does not apply to a policy of insurance for a motorcycle as defined in s. 340.01 (32) or a moped as defined in s. 340.01 (29m) if the motorcycle or moped is designed to carry only one person and does not have a seat for any passenger. 632.32(6)(b)3.3. Any person while using the motor vehicle, solely for reasons of age, if the person is of an age authorized to drive a motor vehicle. 632.32(6)(b)4.4. Any use of the motor vehicle for unlawful purposes, or for transportation of liquor in violation of law, or while the driver is under the influence of an intoxicant or a controlled substance or controlled substance analog under ch. 961 or a combination thereof, under the influence of any other drug to a degree which renders him or her incapable of safely driving, or under the combined influence of an intoxicant and any other drug to a degree which renders him or her incapable of safely driving, or any use of the motor vehicle in a reckless manner. In this subdivision, “drug” has the meaning specified in s. 450.01 (10). 632.32(6)(c)(c) No policy may limit the time for giving notice of any accident or casualty covered by the policy to less than 20 days. 632.32 NoteNOTE: Wisconsin Statutes 1979 to 2009 all contain an extensive 1979 Legislative Council Note regarding the recodification of prior statutes by 1979 Laws, ch. 102, as this section.
632.32 NoteNOTE: 1995 Wis. Act 21 made significant changes in the law, effective July 15, 1995, regarding the “stacking” of insurance policy coverage. 632.32 NoteNOTE: 2009 Wis. Act 28 made significant changes to this section, effective November 1, 2009, regarding uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage, as well as stacking and reducing insurance policy coverage. 632.32 NoteNOTE: 2011 Wis. Act 14 made significant changes to this section, effective November 1, 2011, regarding uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage, as well as stacking and reducing insurance policy coverage, including the reversal of many of the changes made by 2009 Wis. Act 28. 632.32 AnnotationA “family exclusion clause” valid in the state of policy issuance will be given effect in Wisconsin. Knight v. Heritage Mutual Insurance Co., 71 Wis. 2d 821, 239 N.W.2d 348 (1976). 632.32 AnnotationThe concept of permissive use is the same regardless of whether it arises under the “any motor vehicle” coverage section of s. 344.33 (2) or the omnibuses coverage statute. Gross v. Joecks, 72 Wis. 2d 583, 241 N.W.2d 727 (1976). 632.32 AnnotationA “fellow employee” exclusion clause is only valid if the tort-feasor and injured party are employees of the named insured and the employer is required to provide worker’s compensation coverage. Dahm v. Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. of Wisconsin, 74 Wis. 2d 123, 246 N.W.2d 131 (1976).
