Chapter 442

442.087   Peer review.

442.09   Fees.

442.10   Disclosure of interest in entity reported on.

442.11   Penalties.

442.115   Enforcement actions for violations of this chapter.

442.12   Disciplinary action.

442.13   Ownership of accountant’s working papers.

Ch. 442 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See definitions in s. 440.01.

Ch. 442 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See also Accy, Wis. adm. code.

442.001 442.001 Definitions. In this chapter:

442.001(1) (1) “Attest service” means any of the following:

442.001(1)(a) (a) An audit or any other engagement that is performed or intended to be performed in accordance with rules promulgated under s. 442.01 (1) (a).

442.001(1)(b) (b) A review of a financial statement that is performed or intended to be performed in accordance with rules promulgated under s. 442.01 (1) (b).

442.001(1)(c) (c) An examination of prospective financial information that is performed or intended to be performed in accordance with rules promulgated under s. 442.01 (1) (c).

442.001(3) (3) “Examining board” means the accounting examining board.

442.001(4) (4) “Firm” means a proprietorship, partnership, limited liability partnership, corporation, service corporation, or limited liability company.

442.001(5) (5) “Member of a firm” means a director, manager, employee, officer, owner, shareholder, principal, or partner of a firm.

442.001 History History: 1999 a. 85 s. 86; 2001 a. 16.

442.01 442.01 Examining board; duties.

442.01(1) (1) The examining board shall promulgate rules that adopt by reference all of the following:

442.01(1)(a) (a) The statements on auditing standards issued by the Auditing Standards Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

442.01(1)(b) (b) The statements on standards for accounting and review services issued by the Accounting and Review Services Committee of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

442.01(1)(c) (c) The statements on standards for attestation engagements issued by the Auditing Standards Board, the Accounting and Review Services Committee, and the Consulting Services Executive Committee of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

442.01(2) (2) The examining board may not adopt a standard or rule relating to professional conduct or unethical practice until the examining board has held a public hearing with reference thereto, subject to the rules promulgated under s. 440.03 (1). Except for a rule modified under s. 227.265, no rule or standard shall become effective until 60 days after its adoption by the examining board. Any person who has appeared at the public hearing and filed written protest against a proposed standard or rule may, upon the adoption of such standard or rule by the examining board, obtain a review thereof under ch. 227. Thereafter every person practicing as a certified public accountant in the state shall be governed and controlled by the rules and standards prescribed by the examining board, including any modifications under s. 227.265.

442.01(3) (3) The examining board shall record its proceedings.

442.01(4) (4) The examining board shall participate in data-sharing programs operated or otherwise sponsored by the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy and shall share information or data regarding persons currently or previously licensed under this chapter as needed in order to participate in those programs. Except as otherwise provided by the examining board by rule, information or data obtained by the board through such a program is not subject to the right of inspection and copying under s. 19.35 (1).

442.01 History History: 1977 c. 418; 1981 c. 356; 1983 a. 27; 1991 a. 39; 1999 a. 85; 2001 a. 16; 2013 a. 210; 2017 a. 88.

442.01 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See also Accy, Wis. adm. code.

442.02 442.02 Certified public accountant, definition.

442.02(1m) (1m) A person shall be considered to be in practice as a certified public accountant, within the meaning and intent of this chapter, if any of the following conditions is met:

442.02(1m)(a) (a) The person holds himself or herself out to the public in any manner as one skilled in the knowledge, science, and practice of accounting, and as qualified and ready to render professional service therein as a certified public accountant for compensation.

442.02(1m)(b) (b) The person maintains an office for the transaction of business as a certified public accountant or, except as an employee of a certified public accountant, practices accounting, as distinguished from bookkeeping, for more than one employer.

442.02(1m)(c) (c) The person offers to prospective clients to perform for compensation, or performs on behalf of clients for compensation, professional services that involve or require an audit of financial transactions and accounting records.

442.02(1m)(d) (d) The person prepares for clients reports of audits, balance sheets, and other financial, accounting and related schedules, exhibits, statements or reports that are to be used for publication or for credit purposes, or are to be filed with a court of law or with any other governmental agency, or for any other purpose.

442.02(1m)(dm) (dm) The person provides or offers to provide an attest service.

442.02(1m)(e) (e) The person, in general or as an incident to such work, renders professional assistance to clients for compensation in any or all matters relating to accounting procedure and the recording and presentation of financial facts.

442.02(1m)(f) (f) The person signs or affixes his or her name or any trade or assumed name used by the person in his or her business or profession to an opinion or certificate attesting to the reliability of any representation or estimate in regard to any person or organization embracing financial information, financial transactions or accounting records.

442.02(5m) (5m) Subsection (1m) (f) does not prohibit any officer, employee, partner, or principal of any organization from affixing his or her signature to any statement or report in reference to the affairs of that organization with any wording designating the position, title, or office that he or she holds in that organization.

442.02(6) (6) Every member of a firm who, as a member of the firm, does any of the things enumerated in sub. (1m) (a) to (f), shall be considered to be in practice as a certified public accountant.

442.02 History History: 1979 c. 162 ss. 7, 38 (7), (9); 1999 a. 85; 2001 a. 16.

442.025 442.025 Applicability. This chapter does not require a certificate or license under this chapter for any of the following:

442.025(1) (1) Persons employed by a certified public accountant or firm licensed under this chapter to serve as accountants in various capacities, as needed, if all of the following conditions are met:

442.025(1)(a) (a) The employees serving as accountants work under the control and supervision of certified public accountants.

442.025(1)(b) (b) The employees serving as accountants do not issue any statements or reports over their own names except office reports to their employer that are customary.

442.025(1)(c) (c) The employees serving as accountants are not in any manner held out to the public as certified public accountants.

442.025(2) (2) A practicing attorney, who, in connection with his or her professional work renders any accounting service.

442.025(3) (3) A person employed by more than one person for the purpose of keeping books, making trial balances, or statements, and preparing reports, if all of the following requirements are met:

442.025(3)(a) (a) The reports described in this subsection are not used or issued by the employers as having been prepared by a certified public accountant.

442.025(3)(b) (b) The persons employed as described in this subsection do not do any of the things enumerated in s. 442.02 (1m) (f) except as authorized under s. 442.02 (5m).

442.025(4) (4) 

442.025(4)(a) (a) A person who meets all of the following conditions:

442.025(4)(a)1. 1. The person’s principal place of business or residence is not in this state.

442.025(4)(a)2. 2. The person holds a valid certified public accountant certificate or license from another state that the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy National Qualification Appraisal Service has verified to be in substantial equivalence with the certified public accountant licensure requirements of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants/ National Association of State Boards of Accountancy Uniform Accountancy Act, or the person obtains verification from the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy National Qualification Appraisal Service that his or her individual qualifications are substantially equivalent to the certified public accountant licensure requirements of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants/ National Association of State Boards of Accountancy Uniform Accountancy Act.

442.025(4)(b) (b) Any person who enters this state to practice as a certified public accountant under this subsection agrees to all of the following:

442.025(4)(b)1. 1. That he or she is under the personal and subject matter jurisdiction of the examining board and he or she may be disciplined under s. 442.12.

442.025(4)(b)2. 2. That he or she will comply with this chapter and rules promulgated by the examining board.

442.025(4)(b)3. 3. That the examining board of the state that issued his or her license may act as his or her agent for the purpose of receiving process in any legal action or proceeding by the examining board.

442.025(5) (5) A public official or public employee in performing his or her duties.

442.025(6) (6) A person who performs services involving the use of accounting skills, including management advisory services, the preparation of tax returns, and the preparation of financial statements without issuing reports on the statements.

442.025(7) (7) A person who prepares financial statements and issues information thereon that does not purport to be in compliance with the statement on standards for accounting and review services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

442.025 History History: 2001 a. 16 ss. 3606rd to 3606rL; 2005 a. 214.

442.03 442.03 Licenses required. No person may lawfully practice in this state as a certified public accountant either in the person’s own name, or under an assumed name, or as a member of a firm, unless the person has been granted by the examining board a certificate as a certified public accountant, and unless the person and firm have complied with all of the provisions of this chapter, including licensure.

442.03 History History: 1977 c. 29; 1981 c. 356; 1991 a. 39; 2001 a. 16.

442.04 442.04 Certified public accountants; qualifications.

442.04(1) (1) The examining board shall grant a certificate as a certified public accountant to all persons who become entitled thereto under this section and s. 442.05. A certificate is permanent unless revoked and not subject to periodic renewal.

442.04(2) (2) The examining board shall hold an examination at least once each year at a time and place determined by the examining board.

442.04(5) (5) 

442.04(5)(a) (a) In this subsection, “institution” means an institution of higher education accredited by an accrediting agency that is recognized by the secretary of the federal department of education.

442.04(5)(b) (b) The examining board may not grant a certificate as a certified public accountant to any person other than a person who satisfies all of the following conditions:

442.04(5)(b)1. 1. The person is 18 years of age or older.

442.04(5)(b)2. 2. The person does not have an arrest or conviction record, subject to ss. 111.321, 111.322, and 111.335.

442.04(5)(b)3. 3. The person has, except as provided in sub. (6), completed at least 150 semester hours of education at an institution that include course work in accounting and business subjects, as determined by the examining board, and has received a bachelor’s or higher degree.

442.04(5)(b)4. 4. Except as provided in s. 442.05, the person has successfully passed an examination in such subjects affecting accountancy and business as the examining board considers necessary. A person is not eligible to take the examination under this subdivision unless the person has completed at least 120 semester hours of education at an institution that include course work in accounting and business subjects, as determined by the examining board.

442.04(5)(b)5. 5. The person has at least one year of public accounting experience or its equivalent, the sufficiency of the experience or the equivalency to be judged by the examining board.

442.04(5)(d) (d) The examining board shall ensure that evaluation procedures and examinations under this subsection are nondiscriminatory, relate directly to accountancy, and are designed to measure only the ability to perform competently as an accountant. The examining board may use the examination service provided by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

442.04(6) (6) The examining board may promulgate rules pursuant to which the examining board may, in its discretion and on a case-by-case basis, do all of the following:

442.04(6)(a) (a) Consider certain military training and service of a veteran, as defined in s. 45.01 (12), who was honorably discharged to be substantially equivalent to semester hours of education completed at an institution.

442.04(6)(b) (b) Apply training and service described in par. (a) to satisfy a portion of the 150 semester hours required under sub. (5) (b) 3.

442.04 History History: 1975 c. 224; 1977 c. 219, 418; 1979 c. 337; 1981 c. 356, 380, 391; 1995 a. 333; 2001 a. 16; 2013 a. 21, 114, 210; 2015 a. 217; 2017 a. 88; 2021 a. 12.

442.04 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See also chs. Accy 2 and 3, Wis. adm. code.

442.05 442.05 Certification by endorsement. The examining board may grant a certificate to any applicant who is the holder of a certificate or license to practice as a certified public accountant issued under the laws of any other state or foreign country. The applicant must also establish his or her substantial equivalence of the qualifications required under s. 442.04. The sufficiency of the substantial equivalence shall be judged by the examining board. Upon denial of a certificate under this subsection the examining board shall notify the applicant in writing of the decision, stating the reason for denial and that the applicant has the right to a hearing if a written request is filed with the examining board within 30 days after the notice of denial. Service of the notice of denial may be made by mail addressed to the applicant at the latest address filed by the applicant in writing with the examining board. Service by mail is complete on the date of mailing.

442.05 History History: 1975 c. 318; 1981 c. 356.

442.05 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See also ch. Accy 3, Wis. adm. code.

442.07 442.07 Requirements for practice as certified public accountant.

442.07(1) (1) Any person who has been issued a certificate of the person’s qualifications to practice as a certified public accountant, shall be styled and known as a “certified public accountant” and no other person shall assume to use such title or the abbreviation “C.P.A.” or any other word, words, letters, or figures to indicate that the person using the same is a certified public accountant. The terms “chartered accountant” and “certified accountant” and the abbreviation “C.A.” are specifically prohibited to such other persons as being prima facie misleading to the public.

442.07(3) (3) Any firm that is entitled to practice as certified public accountants in this state or any other state and every resident member of the firm who is a certified public accountant of this state, after registering the firm name with the examining board, may use the designation “certified public accountants” in connection with the firm name.

442.07 History History: 1977 c. 29; 1981 c. 356; 1991 a. 316; 2001 a. 16.

442.08 442.08 Licensure.