422.308(4)(4) A violation of this section is subject to s. 425.304 unless the violation was the result of an unintentional good faith error. 422.308(5)(5) If any part of this section is found unconstitutional with regard to a creditor solely or in any part because the creditor is located outside of this state, that part of this section shall not apply to any creditor located within this state. 422.308 HistoryHistory: 1985 a. 244. 422.308 AnnotationWhen a merchant first informed the customer of 24 percent interest to be charged on an open account in statements of the account provided after the account was opened, s. 422.302 and subs. (1) and (2) were violated and the merchant was only entitled to interest under s. 138.04. Severson Agri-Service, Inc. v. Lander, 172 Wis. 2d 269, 493 N.W.2d 230 (Ct. App. 1992). 422.310422.310 Refund anticipation loans. 422.310(1)(1) In addition to any other requirements under this subchapter, a creditor shall disclose all of the following in writing to a customer on a form that is signed by the customer before the customer enters into a refund anticipation loan: 422.310(1)(b)(b) Any charge or fee for electronically filing an income tax return. 422.310(1)(d)(d) The anticipated length of time, within 2 business days, by which the customer will receive the refund anticipation loan proceeds. 422.310(1)(e)(e) That the customer may electronically file an income tax return without obtaining a refund anticipation loan. 422.310(1)(f)(f) The anticipated length of time within which the customer could reasonably expect to receive a tax refund if the income tax return is filed electronically and the customer does not request a refund anticipation loan. 422.310(1)(g)(g) That the customer is responsible for repayment of the refund anticipation loan and refund anticipation loan fees even if the income tax refund is not paid or is paid in a lower amount than was anticipated. 422.310(1)(h)(h) The estimated annual percentage rate, based on the size of the refund anticipation loan, the refund anticipation loan fees and the anticipated maturity date of the refund anticipation loan. The anticipated maturity date shall be the date disclosed under par. (f). 422.310(2)(2) A creditor may not impose a different fee or charge for electronically filing an income tax return on a customer who obtains a refund anticipation loan than the creditor imposes on a customer who does not obtain a refund anticipation loan. 422.310 HistoryHistory: 1993 a. 111. LIMITATIONS ON AGREEMENTS AND PRACTICES
422.401422.401 Scope. This subchapter applies to consumer credit transactions. 422.401 HistoryHistory: 1971 c. 239. 422.403422.403 Maximum periods of repayment. 422.403(1)(1) With respect to a consumer credit transaction other than one pursuant to an open-end credit plan or one pursuant to s. 138.09, no merchant shall initially schedule payments to be paid in full: 422.403(1)(a)(a) Over a period of more than 25 months if the total of payments is $700 or less; 422.403(1)(b)(b) Over a period of more than 37 months if the total of payments is more than $700, but does not exceed $1,400; or 422.403(1)(c)(c) Over a period of more than 49 months if the total of payments is more than $1,400, but does not exceed $2,000, unless the transaction is for the acquisition of or substantial improvement to real property in which case such period shall not exceed 61 months. 422.403(2)(2) With respect to a consumer credit transaction other than one pursuant to an open-end credit plan or one pursuant to s. 138.09, which is for the purpose of an improvement to real property and in which the annual percentage rate disclosed under subch. III is 15 percent or less, no merchant may initially schedule payments to be paid in full: 422.403(2)(a)(a) Over a period of more than 25 months if the total of payments is $300 or less; 422.403(2)(b)(b) Over a period of more than 48 months if the total of payments is more than $300, but does not exceed $1,000; or 422.403(2)(c)(c) Over a period of more than 60 months if the total of payments is more than $1,000, but does not exceed $2,000. 422.403(3)(3) The periods specified in subs. (1) and (2) shall commence with the date of first payment or when the finance charge begins to accrue, whichever is earlier. 422.403(4)(4) This section shall not apply to loans made, guaranteed or funded by federal or state agencies and loans made, guaranteed or funded by nonprofit educational institutions or foundations qualifying under section 501 (c) (3) of the internal revenue code, for purposes of post-high school education. 422.403(4m)(4m) This section does not apply to loans made by an administrative agency within the executive branch established under ch. 15. 422.403(5)(5) Taking or arranging for the customer to sign an instrument in violation of this section is subject to s. 425.304. 422.404422.404 Assignment of earnings. 422.404(1)(1) No merchant shall take or arrange for an assignment of earnings of the customer for payment or as security for payment of an obligation arising out of a consumer transaction unless such assignment is revocable at will by the customer. 422.404(2)(2) A revocable assignment of earnings made as payment or as security for payment of an obligation arising out of a consumer credit transaction, which would otherwise expire under s. 241.09, shall be deemed to be renewed for a term not to exceed 6 months if: 422.404(2)(a)(a) The original authorization contained a conspicuous notice of the customer’s right to revoke; 422.404(2)(b)(b) Prior to expiration, the merchant mails a notice to the customer which conspicuously states that the assignment of earnings is revocable, and that it shall continue to run for not more than 6 additional months, unless the merchant receives notice of revocation; and 422.404 HistoryHistory: 1971 c. 239; 1973 c. 3. 422.405422.405 Authorization to confess judgment prohibited. 422.405(1)(1) No merchant shall take or accept from the customer a warrant or power of attorney or other authorization for the creditor, or other person acting on the creditor’s behalf, to confess judgment. 422.405 HistoryHistory: 1971 c. 239; 1991 a. 316. 422.406422.406 Negotiable instruments. 422.406(1)(1) In a consumer credit sale or lease transaction, no seller or lessor shall take a negotiable instrument (s. 403.104), other than a check, as evidence of the obligation of the customer. 422.406(2)(2) In a consumer loan transaction which constitutes an interlocking loan (s. 422.408), no creditor shall take a negotiable instrument (s. 403.104), other than a check, as evidence of the obligation of the customer. 422.406(3)(3) The holder to whom an instrument issued in violation of this section is negotiated, notwithstanding that the holder may otherwise be a holder in due course of such instrument, is subject to all claims and defenses of the customer against the payee, subject to sub. (4). 422.406(4)(4) Such holder’s liability under this section is limited to: 422.406(4)(a)(a) The amount owing to the holder on such instrument at the time the holder receives notice of a claim or defense of the customer against such payee; plus 422.406(4)(b)(b) If the customer has obtained a judgment against such payee and execution with bond is issued within one year after judgment and is returned unsatisfied, the amount paid by the customer to the holder before the holder received notice of the claim or defense of the customer, if such claim is made against the holder within 2 years after such judgment is returned unsatisfied. Any judgment against the payee, other than a default judgment, shall be binding on the holder. 422.406(5)(5) Taking or arranging for the customer to sign an instrument in violation of this section is subject to s. 425.304. 422.407422.407 Defenses assertable against an assignee. 422.407(1)(1) With respect to a consumer credit transaction other than a consumer loan which is not an interlocking consumer loan (s. 422.408), an assignee of the rights of a creditor is subject to all claims and defenses of the customer against the assignor arising out of the transaction notwithstanding an agreement to the contrary, subject to sub. (2). 422.407(2)(2) An agreement by the customer not to assert against an assignee a claim or defense arising from a consumer credit transaction is enforceable only by an assignee not related to the assignor who acquires the customer’s contract in good faith and for value, who gives the customer notice of the assignment as provided in s. 422.409 and who, within 12 months after the mailing of the notice of assignment, has not received notice of the customer’s claim or defense. In the event that such assignee further assigns the customer’s obligation to another party not related to the original assignor, in good faith and for value, such party may enforce an agreement by the customer not to assert claims or defenses, only to the extent that that party’s assignor could do so under this section, and any notice by the customer to the original or subsequent assignees is effective as to such party. Such good faith assignee’s liability under this section is limited to: 422.407(2)(a)(a) The amount owing to the assignee with respect to the consumer credit transaction at the time the assignee received notice of a claim or defense of the customer against the assignor; plus 422.407(2)(b)(b) If the customer has obtained a judgment against the assignor and execution with bond is issued within one year after judgment and is returned unsatisfied, the amount paid by the customer to the assignee before the assignee received notice of the claim or defense of the customer, if such claim is made against the assignee within 2 years after execution is returned unsatisfied. Any judgment against the assignor, other than a default judgment, shall be binding on the assignee. 422.407(2m)(a)(a) In the event that an assignee, who is related to the assignor or who takes the assignment not in good faith or not for value, further assigns the customer’s obligation to a subsequent assignee not related to any prior assignor and who takes the assignment in good faith and for value, such subsequent assignee’s liability is limited to that provided for in sub. (2) if the subsequent assignee’s assignor at the time of the assignment to the subsequent assignee gives the notice required in s. 422.409 (2), subject to par. (b). 422.407(2m)(b)(b) The notice given under s. 422.409 (2) need not name the subsequent assignee. In such cases it shall state that payments may be made to the assignor, and shall otherwise comply with the requirements of s. 422.409 (2). 422.407(3)(3) Any assignee does not acquire a customer’s contract in good faith within the meaning of subs. (2) and (2m) if the assignee has knowledge, including knowledge from his or her course of dealing with other customers of the assignor or from the assignor or the assignee’s records, or written notice of violations of chs. 421 to 427, of conduct of the kind described in s. 426.108, or of substantial complaints by such other customers that such assignor fails or refuses to perform his or her contracts with such customers and fails to remedy their complaints. 422.407(4)(4) No term of an agreement may confer upon an assignee greater immunity from claims and defenses of the customer against the assignor than is permitted in this section. No term of an agreement purporting to waive defenses against an assignee is enforceable unless the agreement makes conspicuous reference to this section and to the customer’s right to assert such claim or defense against an assignee within 12 months after being furnished a notice of assignment. 422.407(5)(5) Except where execution with bond is returned unsatisfied under sub. (2) (b) or where the assignor is in bankruptcy, receivership or other insolvency proceedings or cannot be found within the state, any claims or defenses of the customer under this section can only be asserted as a matter of counterclaim, defense to or set-off against a claim by the assignee. 422.407(6)(6) Taking or arranging for the customer to sign an instrument in violation of this section is subject to s. 425.304. 422.407 AnnotationLegislative Council Note, 1973: Sections 39, 40 and 41 revise s. 422.407 so that it accomplishes its intended purpose, which is to enable a good faith assignee of a customer’s contract, and his good faith assignees, to enforce an agreement by the customer not to raise claims and defenses against assignees of the contract, once 12 months have passed following the initial good faith assignment.
422.407 AnnotationNew s. 422.407 (2m), created by this act, accomplishes the same result in those cases where the first assignment is made to a related assignee, who further assigns the contract to an unrelated good faith assignee. This latter arrangement is not dealt with by present s. 422.407. New (2m) also recognizes existing business patterns in that it allows the related assignee to service an account, although the contract has been further assigned to an unrelated good faith assignee. In these cases the good faith assignee receives the protection of this section, provided the customer has been given the required notice of assignment. [Bill 432-A]
422.408(1)(1) The lender in an interlocking consumer loan is subject to the claims and defenses the consumer may have against the seller or lessor in the consumer transaction for which the proceeds of the loan are used, subject to sub. (3). 422.408(2)(2) For purposes of this section, a consumer transaction pursuant to a seller credit card shall be deemed to be a consumer loan transaction if the transaction is other than a purchase or lease of goods or services from the issuer of the seller credit card, from a person related to such issuer or from others licensed or franchised to do business solely under the business or trade name or designation of such issuer. 422.408(3)(3) For purposes of this section, a consumer loan transaction is an “interlocking consumer loan” if the creditor knows or has reason to know that all or a meaningful part of the proceeds of the loan are used to pay all or part of the customer’s obligations to the seller or lessor under a consumer sale or lease, and if: 422.408(3)(a)(a) The lender is a person related to the seller or lessor; 422.408(3)(b)(b) The lender supplies to the seller or lessor, or the seller or lessor prepares, documents used to evidence the loan, other than sales slips or drafts used to evidence purchases pursuant to an open-end credit plan; 422.408(3)(c)(c) The lender directly or indirectly pays to the seller or lessor any commission, finder’s fee or other similar consideration based upon or measured by the consumer loan; 422.408(3)(d)(d) The lender has recourse to the seller or lessor for nonpayment of the consumer loan transaction through a guaranty, maintenance of a reserve account or otherwise, but this paragraph shall not apply to transactions pursuant to a credit card issued by a lender not related to the seller or lessor; 422.408(3)(e)(e) The lender has knowledge, including knowledge from the lender’s course of dealing with other customers of the seller or lessor or from the lender’s records, or written notice of substantial complaints by such other customers, that such seller or lessor fails or refuses to perform the seller’s or lessor’s contracts with them and that such merchant fails to remedy such complaints within a reasonable time; or 422.408(3)(f)(f) The loan exceeds $100, is disbursed directly to the seller or lessor and is made pursuant to a credit card to finance a purchase from a seller’s or lessor’s place of business in this state, if the seller or lessor has a direct or indirect contractual relationship with the issuer permitting the seller or lessor to honor the credit card. 422.408(4)(4) To the extent that a lender under an interlocking consumer loan is subject to claims or defenses of the customer against a merchant under this section, the lender’s liability is limited to claims or defenses arising from the consumer transaction financed by the proceeds of the loan, and may not exceed that portion of the unpaid balance of the loan at the time the lender has notice of the claim or defense, which the proceeds used to pay all or part of the customer’s obligation on which the claim is based bears to the entire amount financed of the loan, unless the customer has obtained a judgment against the merchant and execution thereon has been returned unsatisfied, in which event the lender shall in addition be liable in a similar manner for the proportionate amount paid by the customer to the lender with respect to the interlocking consumer loan before the lender received notice of the claim or defense of the customer. 422.408(5)(5) With respect to a loan which constitutes an interlocking consumer loan solely by reason of sub. (3) (f), the lender shall be liable as provided in sub. (4) only if the lender receives notice of the customer’s claim or defense within 12 months after the transaction is charged against the customer’s account, and the unpaid balance of such a loan for purposes of sub. (4) shall be determined pursuant to the method set forth in s. 422.418. 422.408(6)(6) This section shall not apply to consumer loans extended for the purpose of acquiring residential real property which are secured by a first lien mortgage or equivalent security interest on such property and on which the annual percentage rate disclosed pursuant to subch. III is less than 12 percent. 422.408 HistoryHistory: 1971 c. 239; 1991 a. 316. 422.408 AnnotationThe lender liability limits under sub. (4) do not limit the liability of lenders subject to the Home Improvement Trade Practices Code promulgated under s. 100.20. Jackson v. DeWitt, 224 Wis. 2d 877, 592 N.W.2d 262 (Ct. App. 1999), 98-0493. 422.408 AnnotationPreservation of Consumer Defenses in Interlocking Loans and Credit Card Transactions—Recent Statutes, Policies, and a Proposal. Littlefield. 1973 WLR 471.
422.409422.409 Notice of assignment. 422.409(1)(1) The customer is authorized to pay the assignor until the customer receives notification of assignment of the rights to payment pursuant to a consumer credit transaction and that payment is to be made to the assignee. A notification which does not reasonably identify the rights assigned is ineffective. If requested by the customer, the assignee must seasonably furnish reasonable proof that the assignment has been made and unless the assignee does so the customer may pay the assignor.
