Chapter 180

180.0821(2) (2) Action taken under this section is effective when the last director signs the consent, unless the consent specifies a different effective date.

180.0821(3) (3) A consent signed under this section has the effect of a unanimous vote taken at a meeting at which all directors were present, and may be described as such in any document.

180.0821(4) (4) Any person, whether or not then a director, may provide, whether through instruction to an agent or otherwise, that a consent to action will be effective at a future time, including a time determined upon the happening of an event, and such consent shall be considered to have been given for purposes of this section at such effective time so long as the person is then a director and did not revoke the consent prior to that time. Any such consent shall be revocable prior to its becoming effective.

180.0821 History History: 1989 a. 303; 2021 a. 258.

180.0822 180.0822 Notice of meeting.

180.0822(1) (1) Unless the articles of incorporation or bylaws provide otherwise, regular meetings of the board of directors may be held without notice of the date, time, place or purpose of the meeting.

180.0822(2) (2) Except as provided in s. 180.0303 (3), and unless the articles of incorporation or bylaws provide for a longer or shorter period, special meetings of the board of directors shall be preceded by at least 48 hours’ notice of the date, time and place of the meeting. The notice shall comply with s. 180.0141. The notice need not describe the purpose of the special meeting unless required by the articles of incorporation or bylaws.

180.0822 History History: 1989 a. 303.

180.0823 180.0823 Waiver of notice.

180.0823(1) (1) A director may waive any notice required by this chapter, the articles of incorporation or bylaws before or after the date and time stated in the notice. Except as provided by sub. (2), the waiver shall be in writing, signed by the director entitled to the notice and retained by the corporation.

180.0823(2) (2) A director’s attendance at or participation in a meeting waives any required notice to him or her of the meeting unless the director at the beginning of the meeting or promptly upon his or her arrival objects to holding the meeting or transacting business at the meeting and does not thereafter vote for or assent to action taken at the meeting.

180.0823 History History: 1989 a. 303.

180.0824 180.0824 Quorum and voting.

180.0824(1) (1) 

180.0824(1)(a) (a) Unless the articles of incorporation or bylaws require a greater or, under sub. (2), a lesser number, and except as provided in ss. 180.0303 (3) (b) and 180.0831 (4), a quorum of a board of directors shall consist of a majority of the number of directors specified in or fixed in accordance with the articles of incorporation or bylaws.

180.0824(1)(b) (b) Unless the articles of incorporation or bylaws require a greater or, under sub. (2), a lesser number, and except as provided in ss. 180.0303 (3) (b) and 180.0831 (4), a quorum of a committee of the board of directors created under s. 180.0825 shall consist of a majority of the number of directors appointed to serve on the committee.

180.0824(2) (2) 

180.0824(2)(a) (a) The articles of incorporation or bylaws may authorize a quorum of a board of directors to consist of no fewer than one-third of the number of directors specified in or fixed in accordance with the articles of incorporation or bylaws.

180.0824(2)(b) (b) The articles of incorporation or bylaws may authorize a quorum of a committee of the board of directors created under s. 180.0825 to consist of no fewer than one-third of the number of directors appointed to serve on the committee.

180.0824(3) (3) Except as provided in ss. 180.0825 (3), 180.0831 (4) and 180.0855 (1) and (2), if a quorum is present when a vote is taken, the affirmative vote of a majority of directors present is the act of the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors created under s. 180.0825, unless the articles of incorporation or bylaws require the vote of a greater number of directors.

180.0824(4) (4) 

180.0824(4)(a) (a) Except as provided in par. (b), a director who is present and is announced as present at a meeting of the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors created under s. 180.0825, when corporate action is taken assents to the action taken unless any of the following occurs:

180.0824(4)(a)1. 1. The director objects at the beginning of the meeting or promptly upon his or her arrival to holding the meeting or transacting business at the meeting.

180.0824(4)(a)2. 2. The director dissents or abstains from an action taken and minutes of the meeting are prepared that show the director’s dissent or abstention from the action taken.

180.0824(4)(a)3. 3. The director delivers written notice that complies with s. 180.0141 of his or her dissent or abstention to the presiding officer of the meeting before its adjournment or to the corporation immediately after adjournment of the meeting.

180.0824(4)(a)4. 4. The director dissents or abstains from an action taken, minutes of the meeting are prepared that fail to show the director’s dissent or abstention from the action taken and the director delivers to the corporation a written notice of that failure that complies with s. 180.0141 promptly after receiving the minutes.

180.0824(4)(b) (b) A director who votes in favor of action taken may not dissent or abstain from that action.

180.0824 History History: 1989 a. 303; 1991 a. 16; 2005 a. 476.

180.0825 180.0825 Committees.

180.0825(1) (1) Unless the articles of incorporation or bylaws provide otherwise, a board of directors may create one or more committees, appoint members of the board of directors to serve on the committees and designate other members of the board of directors to serve as alternates. Each committee shall have at least one member. Unless otherwise provided by the board of directors, members of the committee shall serve at the pleasure of the board of directors.

180.0825(2) (2) Except as provided in sub. (3), the creation of a committee, appointment of members to it, and designation of alternate members, if any, shall be approved by the number of directors required by the articles of incorporation or bylaws to take action under s. 180.0824 (3).

180.0825(3) (3) The board of directors may provide by resolution that any vacancies on the committee shall be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining committee members.

180.0825(4) (4) Sections 180.0820 to 180.0823 apply to committees of a board of directors and to committee members.

180.0825(5) (5) To the extent specified by the board of directors or in the articles of incorporation or bylaws, each committee may exercise the authority of the board of directors, except that a committee may not do any of the following:

180.0825(5)(am) (am) Approve or recommend to shareholders for approval any action or matter expressly required by this chapter to be submitted to shareholders for approval.

180.0825(5)(bm) (bm) Adopt, amend, or repeal any bylaw of the corporation.

180.0825(6) (6) Unless otherwise provided by the board of directors in creating the committee, a committee may employ counsel, accountants and other consultants to assist it in the exercise of authority.

180.0825(7) (7) The creation of a committee, delegation of authority to a committee or action by a committee does not relieve the board of directors or any of its members of any responsibility imposed upon the board of directors or its members by law.

180.0825 History History: 1989 a. 303; 2005 a. 476.

180.0826 180.0826 Reliance by directors or officers. Unless the director or officer has knowledge that makes reliance unwarranted, a director or officer, in discharging his or her duties to the corporation, may rely on information, opinions, reports or statements, valuation reports any of which may be written or oral, formal or informal, including financial statements, valuation reports and other financial data, if prepared or presented by any of the following:

180.0826(1) (1) An officer or employee of the corporation whom the director or officer believes in good faith to be reliable and competent in the matters presented.

180.0826(2) (2) Legal counsel, certified public accountants licensed or certified under ch. 442, or other persons as to matters that the director or officer believes in good faith are within the person’s professional or expert competence.

180.0826(3) (3) In the case of reliance by a director, a committee of the board of directors of which the director is not a member if the director believes in good faith that the committee merits confidence.

180.0826 History History: 1989 a. 303; 2001 a. 16.

180.0827 180.0827 Consideration of interests in addition to shareholders’ interests. In discharging his or her duties to the corporation and in determining what he or she believes to be in the best interests of the corporation, a director or officer may, in addition to considering the effects of any action on shareholders, consider the following:

180.0827(1) (1) The effects of the action on employees, suppliers and customers of the corporation.

180.0827(2) (2) The effects of the action on communities in which the corporation operates.

180.0827(3) (3) Any other factors that the director or officer considers pertinent.

180.0827 History History: 1989 a. 303.

180.0828 180.0828 Limited liability of directors.

180.0828(1) (1) Except as provided in sub. (2), a director is not liable to the corporation, its shareholders, or any person asserting rights on behalf of the corporation or its shareholders, for damages, settlements, fees, fines, penalties or other monetary liabilities arising from a breach of, or failure to perform, any duty resulting solely from his or her status as a director, unless the person asserting liability proves that the breach or failure to perform constitutes any of the following:

180.0828(1)(a) (a) A willful failure to deal fairly with the corporation or its shareholders in connection with a matter in which the director has a material conflict of interest.

180.0828(1)(b) (b) A violation of criminal law, unless the director had reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was lawful or no reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful.

180.0828(1)(c) (c) A transaction from which the director derived an improper personal profit.

180.0828(1)(d) (d) Willful misconduct.

180.0828(2) (2) A corporation may limit the immunity provided under this section by its articles of incorporation. A limitation under this subsection applies if the cause of action against a director accrues while the limitation is in effect.

180.0828 History History: 1989 a. 303.

180.0828 Annotation Wisconsin’s business judgment rule is codified in this section. The business judgment rule is substantive law because acts of the board of directors done in good faith and in the honest belief that its decisions were in the best interest of the company cannot form the basis for a legal claim against directors. It is also procedural because it limits judicial review of internal corporate business decisions made in good faith. The rule creates an evidentiary presumption that the acts of the board of directors were done in good faith and in the honest belief that its decisions were in the best interest of the company. Data Key Partners v. Permira Advisers LLC, 2014 WI 86, 356 Wis. 2d 665, 849 N.W.2d 693, 12-1967.

180.0828 Annotation In order to fall outside of the protection that this section grants directors, plaintiffs must plead facts that create a plausible claim that the directors’ acts were taken in contravention of sub. (1). To survive a motion to dismiss, plaintiffs must plead facts sufficient to plausibly show that the directors’ actions constitute: 1) a willful failure to deal fairly with the minority shareholders on a matter in which the director has a material conflict of interest; 2) receipt of an improper personal profit; or 3) willful misconduct. Data Key Partners v. Permira Advisers LLC, 2014 WI 86, 356 Wis. 2d 665, 849 N.W.2d 693, 12-1967. See also Cattau v. National Insurance Services of Wisconsin, Inc., 2019 WI 46, 386 Wis. 2d 515, 926 N.W.2d 756, 16-0493.

180.0828 Annotation The Business Judgment Rule in Wisconsin. Davis. 2015 WLR 475.

180.0828 Annotation Protecting Corporate Directors: Wisconsin’s Business Judgment Rule. Davis. Wis. Law. June 2015.

180.0831 180.0831 Director conflict of interest.

180.0831(1) (1) In this section, “conflict of interest transaction” means a transaction with the corporation in which a director of the corporation has a direct or indirect interest.

180.0831(2) (2) A conflict of interest transaction is not voidable by the corporation solely because of the director’s interest in the transaction if any of the following is true:

180.0831(2)(a) (a) The material facts of the transaction and the director’s interest were disclosed or known to the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors and the board of directors or committee authorized, approved or specifically ratified the transaction under sub. (4).

180.0831(2)(b) (b) The material facts of the transaction and the director’s interest were disclosed or known to the shareholders entitled to vote and they authorized, approved or specifically ratified the transaction under sub. (5).

180.0831(2)(c) (c) The transaction was fair to the corporation.

180.0831(3) (3) For purposes of this section, the circumstances in which a director of the corporation has an indirect interest in a transaction include but are not limited to a transaction under any of the following circumstances:

180.0831(3)(a) (a) Another entity in which the director has a material financial interest or in which the director is a general partner is a party to the transaction.

180.0831(3)(b) (b) Another entity of which the director is a director, officer or trustee is a party to the transaction and the transaction is or, because of its significance to the corporation, should be considered by the board of directors of the corporation.

180.0831(4) (4) For purposes of sub. (2) (a), a conflict of interest transaction is authorized, approved or specifically ratified if it receives the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors on the board of directors or on the committee acting on the transaction, who have no direct or indirect interest in the transaction. If a majority of the directors who have no direct or indirect interest in the transaction vote to authorize, approve or ratify the transaction, a quorum is present for the purpose of taking action under this section. The presence of, or a vote cast by, a director with a direct or indirect interest in the transaction does not affect the validity of any action taken under sub. (2) (a) if the transaction is otherwise authorized, approved or ratified as provided in this section.

180.0831(5) (5) For purposes of sub. (2) (b), a conflict of interest transaction is authorized, approved or specifically ratified if it receives the vote of a majority of the shares entitled to be counted under this subsection. Shares owned by or voted under the control of a director who has a direct or indirect interest in the transaction, and shares owned by or voted under the control of an entity described in sub. (3) (a), may not be counted in a vote of shareholders to determine whether to authorize, approve or ratify a conflict of interest transaction under sub. (2) (b). The vote of those shares shall be counted in determining whether the transaction is approved under other sections of this chapter. A majority of the shares, whether or not present, that are entitled to be counted in a vote on the transaction under this subsection constitutes a quorum for the purpose of taking action under this section.

180.0831 History History: 1989 a. 303.

180.0832 180.0832 Loans to directors.

180.0832(1) (1) Except as provided in sub. (3), a corporation may not lend money to or guarantee the obligation of a director of the corporation unless any of the following occurs:

180.0832(1)(a) (a) The particular loan or guarantee is approved by a majority of the votes represented by the outstanding voting shares of all classes, voting as a single voting group, except the votes of shares owned by or voted under the control of the benefited director.

180.0832(1)(b) (b) The corporation’s board of directors determines that the loan or guarantee benefits the corporation and either approves the specific loan or guarantee or a general plan authorizing loans and guarantees.

180.0832(2) (2) The fact that a loan or guarantee is made in violation of this section does not affect the borrower’s liability on the loan.

180.0832(3) (3) This section does not apply to an advance to a director that is permitted by s. 180.0853 or 180.0858 or that is made to defray expenses incurred by the director in the ordinary course of the corporation’s business.

180.0832 History History: 1989 a. 303.

180.0833 180.0833 Liability for unlawful distributions.

180.0833(1) (1) Except as provided in sub. (3), a director who votes for or assents to a distribution made in violation of s. 180.0640 or the articles of incorporation is personally liable to the corporation for the amount of the distribution that exceeds what could have been distributed without violating s. 180.0640 or the articles of incorporation, if it is established that the director’s vote or assent constitutes conduct described by s. 180.0828 (1) (a), (b), (c) or (d). In any proceeding brought under this section, a director has all of the defenses ordinarily available to a director.

180.0833(2) (2) A director who is liable under sub. (1) for an unlawful distribution is entitled to contribution from all of the following persons:

180.0833(2)(a) (a) Every other director who could be held liable under sub. (1) for the unlawful distribution.

180.0833(2)(b) (b) Each shareholder for the amount that the shareholder accepted knowing that the distribution was made in violation of s. 180.0640 or the articles of incorporation.

180.0833(3) (3) A proceeding under this section is barred unless it is brought within 2 years after the date on which the effect of the distribution was measured under s. 180.0640 (5).

180.0833 History History: 1989 a. 303.

180.0840 180.0840 Officers.

180.0840(1) (1) A corporation shall have the officers described in its bylaws or appointed by its board of directors by resolution not inconsistent with the bylaws.