Chapter 134

134.87(1)(b)1. 1. The purchaser of a motorized wheelchair, if the motorized wheelchair was purchased from a motorized wheelchair dealer or manufacturer for purposes other than resale.

134.87(1)(b)2. 2. A person to whom the motorized wheelchair is transferred for purposes other than resale, if the transfer occurs before the expiration of an express warranty applicable to the motorized wheelchair.

134.87(1)(b)3. 3. A person who may enforce the warranty.

134.87(1)(b)4. 4. A person who leases a motorized wheelchair from a motorized wheelchair lessor under a written lease.

134.87(1)(c) (c) “Demonstrator” means a motorized wheelchair used primarily for the purpose of demonstration to the public.

134.87(1)(d) (d) “Early termination cost” means any expense or obligation that a motorized wheelchair lessor incurs as a result of both the termination of a written lease before the termination date set forth in that lease and the return of a motorized wheelchair to a manufacturer under sub. (3) (b) 3. “Early termination cost” includes a penalty for prepayment under a finance arrangement.

134.87(1)(e) (e) “Early termination savings” means any expense or obligation that a motorized wheelchair lessor avoids as a result of both the termination of a written lease before the termination date set forth in that lease and the return of a motorized wheelchair to a manufacturer under sub. (3) (b) 3. “Early termination savings” includes an interest charge that the motorized wheelchair lessor would have paid to finance the motorized wheelchair or, if the motorized wheelchair lessor does not finance the motorized wheelchair, the difference between the total amount for which the lease obligates the consumer during the period of the lease term remaining after the early termination and the present value of that amount at the date of the early termination.

134.87(1)(f) (f) “Manufacturer” means a person who manufactures or assembles motorized wheelchairs and agents of that person, including an importer, a distributor, factory branch, distributor branch and any warrantors of the manufacturer’s motorized wheelchairs, but does not include a motorized wheelchair dealer.

134.87(1)(g) (g) “Motorized wheelchair” means any motor-driven wheelchair, including a demonstrator, that a consumer purchases or accepts transfer of in this state.

134.87(1)(h) (h) “Motorized wheelchair dealer” means a person who is in the business of selling motorized wheelchairs.

134.87(1)(i) (i) “Motorized wheelchair lessor” means a person who leases a motorized wheelchair to a consumer, or who holds the lessor’s rights, under a written lease.

134.87(1)(j) (j) “Nonconformity” means a condition or defect that substantially impairs the use, value or safety of a motorized wheelchair, and that is covered by an express warranty applicable to the motorized wheelchair or to a component of the motorized wheelchair, but does not include a condition or defect that is the result of abuse, neglect or unauthorized modification or alteration of the motorized wheelchair by a consumer.

134.87(1)(k) (k) “Reasonable attempt to repair” means any of the following occurring within the term of an express warranty applicable to a new motorized wheelchair or within one year after first delivery of the motorized wheelchair to a consumer, whichever is sooner:

134.87(1)(k)1. 1. The same nonconformity with the warranty is subject to repair by the manufacturer, motorized wheelchair lessor or any of the manufacturer’s authorized motorized wheelchair dealers at least 4 times and the nonconformity continues.

134.87(1)(k)2. 2. The motorized wheelchair is out of service for an aggregate of at least 30 days because of warranty nonconformities.

134.87(2) (2) A manufacturer who sells a motorized wheelchair to a consumer, either directly or through a motorized wheelchair dealer, shall furnish the consumer with an express warranty for the motorized wheelchair. The duration of the express warranty shall be not less than one year after first delivery of the motorized wheelchair to the consumer. If a manufacturer fails to furnish an express warranty as required by this subsection, the motorized wheelchair shall be covered by an express warranty as if the manufacturer had furnished an express warranty to the consumer as required by this subsection.

134.87(3) (3) 

134.87(3)(a) (a) If a new motorized wheelchair does not conform to an applicable express warranty and the consumer reports the nonconformity to the manufacturer, the motorized wheelchair lessor or any of the manufacturer’s authorized motorized wheelchair dealers and makes the motorized wheelchair available for repair before one year after first delivery of the motorized wheelchair to a consumer, the nonconformity shall be repaired.

134.87(3)(b) (b)

134.87(3)(b)1. 1. If, after a reasonable attempt to repair, the nonconformity is not repaired, the manufacturer shall carry out the requirement under subd. 2. or 3., whichever is appropriate.

134.87(3)(b)2. 2. At the direction of a consumer described under sub. (1) (b) 1., 2. or 3., do one of the following:

134.87(3)(b)2.a. a. Accept return of the motorized wheelchair and replace the motorized wheelchair with a comparable new motorized wheelchair and refund any collateral costs.

134.87(3)(b)2.b. b. Accept return of the motorized wheelchair and refund to the consumer and to any holder of a perfected security interest in the consumer’s motorized wheelchair, as their interest may appear, the full purchase price plus any finance charge, amount paid by the consumer at the point of sale and collateral costs, less a reasonable allowance for use. Under this subd. 2. b., a reasonable allowance for use may not exceed the amount obtained by multiplying the full purchase price of the motorized wheelchair by a fraction, the denominator of which is 1,825 and the numerator of which is the number of days that the motorized wheelchair was driven before the consumer first reported the nonconformity to the motorized wheelchair dealer.

134.87(3)(b)3. 3.

134.87(3)(b)3.a. a. With respect to a consumer described in sub. (1) (b) 4., accept return of the motorized wheelchair, refund to the motorized wheelchair lessor and to any holder of a perfected security interest in the motorized wheelchair, as their interest may appear, the current value of the written lease and refund to the consumer the amount that the consumer paid under the written lease plus any collateral costs, less a reasonable allowance for use.

134.87(3)(b)3.b. b. Under this subdivision, the current value of the written lease equals the total amount for which that lease obligates the consumer during the period of the lease remaining after its early termination, plus the motorized wheelchair dealer’s early termination costs and the value of the motorized wheelchair at the lease expiration date if the lease sets forth that value, less the motorized wheelchair lessor’s early termination savings.

134.87(3)(b)3.c. c. Under this subdivision, a reasonable allowance for use may not exceed the amount obtained by multiplying the total amount for which the written lease obligates the consumer by a fraction, the denominator of which is 1,825 and the numerator of which is the number of days that the consumer drove the motorized wheelchair before first reporting the nonconformity to the manufacturer, motorized wheelchair lessor or motorized wheelchair dealer.

134.87(3)(c) (c) To receive a comparable new motorized wheelchair or a refund due under par. (b) 1. or 2., a consumer described under sub. (1) (b) 1., 2. or 3. shall offer to the manufacturer of the motorized wheelchair having the nonconformity to transfer possession of that motorized wheelchair to that manufacturer. No later than 30 days after that offer, the manufacturer shall provide the consumer with the comparable new motorized wheelchair or refund. When the manufacturer provides the new motorized wheelchair or refund, the consumer shall return the motorized wheelchair having the nonconformity to the manufacturer, along with any endorsements necessary to transfer real possession to the manufacturer.

134.87(3)(d) (d)

134.87(3)(d)1. 1. To receive a refund due under par. (b) 3., a consumer described under sub. (1) (b) 4. shall offer to return the motorized wheelchair having the nonconformity to its manufacturer. No later than 30 days after that offer, the manufacturer shall provide the refund to the consumer. When the manufacturer provides the refund, the consumer shall return to the manufacturer the motorized wheelchair having the nonconformity.

134.87(3)(d)2. 2. To receive a refund due under par. (b) 3., a motorized wheelchair lessor shall offer to transfer possession of the motorized wheelchair having the nonconformity to its manufacturer. No later than 30 days after that offer, the manufacturer shall provide the refund to the motorized wheelchair lessor. When the manufacturer provides the refund, the motorized wheelchair lessor shall provide to the manufacturer any endorsements necessary to transfer legal possession to the manufacturer.

134.87(3)(d)3. 3. No person may enforce the lease against the consumer after the consumer receives a refund due under par. (b) 3.

134.87(3)(e) (e) No motorized wheelchair returned by a consumer or motorized wheelchair lessor in this state under par. (b), or by a consumer or motorized wheelchair lessor in another state under a similar law of that state, may be sold or leased again in this state unless full disclosure of the reasons for return is made to any prospective buyer or lessee.

134.87(4) (4) This section does not limit rights or remedies available to a consumer under any other law.

134.87(5) (5) Any waiver by a consumer of rights under this section is void.

134.87(6) (6) In addition to pursuing any other remedy, a consumer may bring an action to recover for any damages caused by a violation of this section. The court shall award a consumer who prevails in such an action twice the amount of any pecuniary loss, together with costs, disbursements and reasonable attorney fees, and any equitable relief that the court determines is appropriate.

134.87 History History: 1991 a. 222.

134.90 134.90 Uniform trade secrets act.

134.90(1) (1) Definitions. In this section:

134.90(1)(a) (a) “Improper means” includes espionage, theft, bribery, misrepresentation and breach or inducement of a breach of duty to maintain secrecy.

134.90(1)(b) (b) “Readily ascertainable” information does not include information accessible through a license agreement or by an employee under a confidentiality agreement with his or her employer.

134.90(1)(c) (c) “Trade secret” means information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique or process to which all of the following apply:

134.90(1)(c)1. 1. The information derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use.

134.90(1)(c)2. 2. The information is the subject of efforts to maintain its secrecy that are reasonable under the circumstances.

134.90(2) (2) Misappropriation. No person, including the state, may misappropriate or threaten to misappropriate a trade secret by doing any of the following:

134.90(2)(a) (a) Acquiring the trade secret of another by means which the person knows or has reason to know constitute improper means.

134.90(2)(b) (b) Disclosing or using without express or implied consent a trade secret of another if the person did any of the following:

134.90(2)(b)1. 1. Used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret.

134.90(2)(b)2. 2. At the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that he or she obtained knowledge of the trade secret through any of the following means:

134.90(2)(b)2.a. a. Deriving it from or through a person who utilized improper means to acquire it.

134.90(2)(b)2.b. b. Acquiring it under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use.

134.90(2)(b)2.c. c. Deriving it from or through a person who owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use.

134.90(2)(b)2.d. d. Acquiring it by accident or mistake.

134.90(3) (3) Injunctive relief.

134.90(3)(a) (a)

134.90(3)(a)1. 1. A court may grant an injunction against a person who violates sub. (2). Chapter 813 governs any temporary or interlocutory injunction or ex parte restraining order in an action under this section, except that no court may issue such an injunction or restraining order unless the complainant makes an application which includes a description of each alleged trade secret in sufficient detail to inform the party to be enjoined or restrained of the nature of the complaint against that party or, if the court so orders, includes written disclosure of the trade secret. The complainant shall serve this application upon the party to be enjoined or restrained at the time the motion for the injunction is made or the restraining order is served, whichever is earlier.

134.90(3)(a)2. 2. Except as provided in subd. 3., upon application to the court, the court shall terminate an injunction when a trade secret ceases to exist.

134.90(3)(a)3. 3. The court may continue an injunction for a reasonable period of time to eliminate commercial advantage which the person who violated sub. (2) otherwise would derive from the violation.

134.90(3)(b) (b) In exceptional circumstances, an injunction granted under par. (a) may condition future use of a trade secret by the person who violated sub. (2) upon payment of a reasonable royalty by that person to the owner of the trade secret for no longer than the period of time for which the court may enjoin or restrain the use of the trade secret under par. (a). Exceptional circumstances include a material and prejudicial change of position, prior to acquiring knowledge or reason to know of a violation of sub. (2), that renders an injunction inequitable.

134.90(3)(c) (c) In appropriate circumstances, the court may order affirmative acts to protect a trade secret.

134.90(4) (4) Damages.

134.90(4)(a) (a) Except to the extent that a material and prejudicial change of position prior to acquiring knowledge or reason to know of a violation of sub. (2) renders a monetary recovery inequitable, a court may award damages to the complainant for a violation of sub. (2). A court may award damages in addition to, or in lieu of, injunctive relief under sub. (3). Damages may include both the actual loss caused by the violation and unjust enrichment caused by the violation that is not taken into account in computing actual loss. Damages may be measured exclusively by the imposition of liability for a reasonable royalty for a violation of sub. (2) if the complainant cannot by any other method of measurement prove an amount of damages which exceeds the reasonable royalty.

134.90(4)(b) (b) If a violation of sub. (2) is willful and malicious, the court may award punitive damages in an amount not exceeding twice any award under par. (a).

134.90(4)(c) (c) If a claim that sub. (2) has been violated is made in bad faith, a motion to terminate an injunction is made or resisted in bad faith, or a violation of sub. (2) is willful and deliberate, the court may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.

134.90(5) (5) Preservation of secrecy. In an action under this section, a court shall preserve the secrecy of an alleged trade secret by reasonable means, which may include granting a protective order in a discovery proceeding, holding an in-camera hearing, sealing the record of the action and ordering any person involved in the action not to disclose an alleged trade secret without prior court approval.

134.90(6) (6) Effect on other laws.

134.90(6)(a) (a) Except as provided in par. (b), this section displaces conflicting tort law, restitutionary law and any other law of this state providing a civil remedy for misappropriation of a trade secret.

134.90(6)(b) (b) This section does not affect any of the following:

134.90(6)(b)1. 1. Any contractual remedy, whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret.

134.90(6)(b)2. 2. Any civil remedy not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret.

134.90(6)(b)3. 3. Any criminal remedy, whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret.

134.90(7) (7) Uniformity of application and construction. This section shall be applied and construed to make uniform the law relating to misappropriation of trade secrets among states enacting substantially identical laws.

134.90 History History: 1985 a. 236.

134.90 Note NOTE: 1985 Wis. Act 236, which created this section, contains extensive notes describing this section and other sections affected by Act 236.

134.90 Annotation Some factors to be considered in determining whether given information is one’s trade secret are: 1) the extent to which the information is known outside of the person’s business; 2) the extent to which it is known by employees and others involved in the person’s business; 3) the extent of measures taken by the person to guard the secrecy of the information; 4) the value of the information to the person and to the person’s competitors; 5) the amount of effort or money expended by the person in developing the information; and 6) the ease or difficulty with which the information could be properly acquired or duplicated by others. Minuteman, Inc. v. Alexander, 147 Wis. 2d 842, 434 N.W.2d 773 (1989).

134.90 Annotation A party asserting a trade secret need not spell out details that would destroy what the party seeks to protect, but the party must include with some specificity the nature of the trade secret that is more than a generalized allegation that there is a trade secret. ECT International, Inc. v. Zwerlein, 228 Wis. 2d 343, 597 N.W.2d 479 (Ct. App. 1999), 98-2041.

134.90 Annotation By limiting the period in which an employee agrees not to divulge trade secrets, an employer manifests its intent that there is no need to maintain the secrecy after the specified period. ECT International, Inc. v. Zwerlein, 228 Wis. 2d 343, 597 N.W.2d 479 (Ct. App. 1999), 98-2041.

134.90 Annotation Under sub. (4), “actual loss caused by the violation” may include losses that result when a misappropriator uses a trade secret unsuccessfully and produces and sells a defective product that causes the plaintiff’s business to suffer. World Wide Prosthetic Supply, Inc. v. Mikulsky, 2002 WI 26, 251 Wis. 2d 45, 640 N.W.2d 764, 00-1751.

134.90 Annotation Sub. (6) (a) and (b) 2. together do the following: 1) replace all pre-existing definitions of trade secret and remedies for tort claims dependent solely on the existence of a specific class of information statutorily defined as trade secrets; and 2) leave available all other types of civil actions that do not depend on information that meets the statutory definition of a trade secret. Therefore, any civil tort claim not grounded in a trade secret, as defined in the statute, remains available. Burbank Grease Services, LLC v. Sokolowski, 2006 WI 103, 294 Wis. 2d 274, 717 N.W.2d 781, 04-0468.

134.90 Annotation Although a court may grant injunctive relief against a person who misappropriated a trade secret, the injunction should only be for a period reasonable to eliminate commercial advantage that the person who misappropriated the secret would otherwise derive from the violation. Once the defendant would have discovered the trade secret without the misappropriation, any lost profits from that time forward are not caused by the defendant’s wrongful act. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. v. Pribyl, 259 F.3d 587 (2001).

134.90 Annotation Nondisclosure agreements under sub. (6) between suppliers and users of intellectual property are not subject to rules that govern noncompete agreements between employers and employees. A much greater scope of restraint is allowed in contracts between vendors and vendees than between employers and employees. IDX Systems Corp. v. Epic Systems Corp., 285 F.3d 581 (2002).

134.90 Annotation An independent contractor presumptively owns his or her work product. In the absence of an agreement, non-exclusivity is the norm. The law of trade secrets follows the same approach to ownership. Wisconsin does not require an express, written contract of confidentiality. An independent contractor does not acquire any rights in his or client’s trade-secret data just because he or she used those data in the performance of his or her duties. Breach of an implicit promise to hold information for the client’s sole benefit in turn violates sub. (2) (a). Hicklin Engineering, L.C. v. Bartell, 439 F.3d 346 (2006).

134.90 Annotation Because the recovery of unjust enrichment damages is grounded in equitable principles, Wisconsin law limits the measure of unjust enrichment damages to the value of the benefit conferred upon the defendant. Calculating the benefit conferred on a defendant to determine unjust enrichment damages is a context-specific analysis. Under Wisconsin law, a jury can award avoided research and development costs based on the defendant gaining a significant head start in its operation. Epic Systems Corp. v. Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., 980 F.3d 1117 (2020).

134.90 Annotation This section does not require absolute secrecy, but one who claims a trade secret must exercise eternal vigilance in protecting its confidentiality. In determining whether companies have fulfilled this requirement, Wisconsin courts consider whether the company negotiated confidentiality agreements, kept documents locked up, limited access to information, restricted building access, denoted documents as confidential, informed individuals that information was confidential, and allowed individuals to keep information after the business relationship had ended. Starsurgical Inc. v. Aperta, LLC, 40 F. Supp. 3d 1069 (2014).

134.90 Annotation It is perfectly lawful to “steal” a firm’s trade secret by reverse engineering. In this case, the plaintiff failed to rebut the defendants’ contention that the plaintiff’s designs may be reverse engineered, so the plaintiff did not meet its burden of showing its product designs were trade secrets. Kuryakyn Holdings, LLC v. Ciro, LLC, 242 F. Supp. 3d 789 (2017).

134.90 Annotation Bare bones listings of customer information, such as names, addresses, phone numbers, and contact persons, have been routinely rejected by the Wisconsin courts as constituting a trade secret. Indeed, when the names, addresses, and contact persons of a company’s customers are readily ascertainable by proper means, a customer list is not a trade secret. Additionally, an agent is permitted to use general information concerning the names of customers retained in the agent’s memory, if not acquired in violation of his duty as an agent. Charles Schwab & Co. v. Lagrant, 483 F. Supp. 3d 625 (2020).

134.90 Annotation Revisions to the law of trade secrets. Whitesel & Sklansky. WBB Aug. 1986.

134.91 134.91 Sale of dextromethorphan to a minor without prescription prohibited.

134.91(1) (1) Definitions. In this section: