Ins 2.80 Note
Note: The segmentation requirement should not be limited to plans with no cash surrender values; otherwise companies could avoid segmentation entirely by designing policies with minimal (positive) cash values. Segmentation for plans with cash surrender values should be based solely upon gross premium levels. Basing segmentation upon the level of cash surrender values introduces complications because of the interrelationship between minimum cash surrender values and gross premium patterns. The requirements of this section relating to reserves or plans with unusual cash values and to reserves if cash values exceed calculated reserves serve to link required reserves and cash surrender values. The calculation of segmented reserves shall not be linked to the occurrence of a positive unitary terminal reserve at the end of a segment. The requirement of this section to hold the greater of the segmented reserve or the unitary reserve eliminates the need for any linkage.
Ins 2.80(3)(i)
(i) “Tabular cost of insurance" means the net single premium at the beginning of a policy year for one-year term insurance in the amount of the guaranteed death benefit in that policy year.
Ins 2.80(3)(j)
(j) “Ten-year select factors" means the select factors adopted with the 1980 amendments to the national association of insurance commissioner's standard valuation law as provided in s.
623.06 (2) (am), Stats.
Ins 2.80(3)(k)
(k) “Unitary reserves" means the present value of all future guaranteed benefits less the present value of all future modified net premiums, where all of the following occur:
Ins 2.80(3)(k)1.
1. Guaranteed benefits and modified net premiums are considered to the mandatory expiration of the policy.
Ins 2.80(3)(k)2.
2. Modified net premiums are a uniform percentage of the respective guaranteed gross premiums, where the uniform percentage is such that, at issue, the present value of the net premiums equals the present value of all death benefits and pure endowments, plus the excess of:
Ins 2.80(3)(k)2.a.
a. A net level annual premium equal to the present value, at the date of issue, of the benefits provided for after the first policy year, divided by the present value, at the date of issue, of an annuity of one year payable on the first and each subsequent anniversary of the policy on which a premium falls due. However, the net level annual premium may not exceed the net level annual premium on the 19-year premium whole life plan of insurance of the same renewal year equivalent level amount at an age one year higher than the age at issue of the policy, over
Ins 2.80(3)(k)2.b.
b. A net one-year term premium for the benefits provided for the first policy year.
Ins 2.80(3)(k)3.
3. The interest rates used in the present value calculations for any policy may not exceed the maximum valuation interest rate, determined with a guarantee duration equal to the length from issue to the mandatory expiration of the policy.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: The purpose of this paragraph is to define as specifically as possible what has become commonly called the unitary method. The national association of insurance commissioners standard valuation law does not define the term “unitary" for policies with nonlevel premiums or benefits; its requirements for reserves “computed by a method that is consistent with the principles of the national association of insurance commissioners standard valuation law" has not been uniformly interpreted.
Ins 2.80(3)(L)
(L) “Universal life insurance policy" means any individual life insurance policy under the provisions of which separately identified interest credits, other than in connection with dividend accumulations, premium deposit funds, or other supplementary accounts, and mortality or expense charges are made to the policy.
Ins 2.80(4)
(4) General calculation requirements for basic reserves and premium deficiency reserves. Ins 2.80(4)(a)
(a) At the election of the insurer for any one or more specified plans of life insurance, the minimum mortality standard for basic reserves may be calculated using the 1980 CSO valuation table with select mortality factors. If select mortality factors are elected, they may be any of the following:
Ins 2.80(4)(a)1.
1. The 10-year select mortality factors incorporated into the 1980 amendments to the national association of insurance commissioners standard valuation law, as provided in s.
623.06 (2) (am), Stats.
Ins 2.80(4)(a)2.
2. The select mortality factors in the tables at pages 18 through 35 of the national association of insurance commissioners valuation of life insurance policies model regulation updated and published by the national association of insurance commissioners model regulation service in april 1999.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: The select mortality factors for durations 1 through 15 in the tables at pages 18 through 35 of the national association of insurance commissioners valuation of life insurance policies model regulation updated and published by the national association of insurance commissioners model regulation service in april 1999 reflect the society of actuaries' data for the years 1983 through 1986 (designated as “83-86 SOA inter-company experience" in the tables), split by sex and smoking status, with fifteen years of select mortality improvement, based on the society of actuaries' projection scale A applied. A 50% margin was added. The factors were then graded to the 1980 CSO valuation table over the next five durations. A 50% margin was deemed appropriate to provide a reasonable margin, with little likelihood that actual experience for significant blocks of business would exceed it.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)
(b) Deficiency reserves, if any, are calculated for each policy as the excess, if greater than zero, of the quantity A over the basic reserve. The quantity A is obtained by recalculating the basic reserve for the policy using guaranteed gross premiums instead of net premiums when the guaranteed gross premiums are less than the corresponding net premiums. At the election of the insurer for any one or more specified plans of insurance, the quantity A and the corresponding net premiums used in the determination of quantity A may be based upon the 1980 CSO valuation table with select mortality factors. If select mortality factors are elected, they may be any of the following:
Ins 2.80(4)(b)1.
1. The 10-year select mortality factors incorporated into 1980 amendments to the national association of insurance commissioners standard valuation law.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)2.
2. The select mortality factors in the tables at pages 18 through 35 of the national association of insurance commissioners valuation of life insurance policies model regulation updated and published by the national association of insurance commissioners model regulation service in april 1999.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: The select mortality factors in the tables at pages 18 through 35 of the national association of insurance commissioners valuation of life insurance policies model regulation updated and published by the national association of insurance commissioners model regulation service in April 1999 do not reflect the underwriting risk classes that have evolved since the period of the underlying experience. In light of this consideration, and the recent recognition of the regulatory value of actuarial opinions, this section allows actuarial judgement to be used for deficiency reserves.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)3.
3. For durations in the first segment, X % of the select mortality factors in the tables at pages 18 through 35 of the national association of insurance commissioners valuation of life insurance policies model regulation updated and published by the national association of insurance commissioners model regulation service in April 1999, subject to all of the following:
Ins 2.80(4)(b)3.a.
a. X may vary by policy year, policy form, underwriting classification, issue age, or any other policy factor expected to affect mortality experience.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)3.d.
d. X is such that, when using the valuation interest rate used for basic reserves, the actuarial present value of future death benefits calculated using the mortality rates resulting from the application of X is greater than or equal to the actuarial present value of future death benefits calculated using anticipated mortality experience without recognition of mortality improvement beyond the valuation date.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)3.e.
e. X is such that the mortality rates resulting from the application of X are at least as great as the anticipated mortality experience, without recognition of mortality improvement beyond the valuation date, in each of the first 5 years after the valuation date.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)3.f.
f. The appointed actuary shall increase X at any valuation date where it is necessary to continue to meet all the requirements of this subdivision.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)3.g.
g. The appointed actuary may decrease X at any valuation date as long as X continues to meet all the requirements of this subdivision.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)3.h.
h. The appointed actuary shall specifically take into account the adverse effect on expected mortality and lapsation of any anticipated or actual increase in gross premiums.
Ins 2.80(4)(b)3.i.
i. If X is less than 100% at any duration for any policy, the appointed actuary shall annually prepare an actuarial opinion and memorandum for the company in conformance with the requirements of s.
Ins 50.78; the appointed actuary shall disclose in the regulatory asset adequacy issues summary the impact of any insufficiency of assets to support the payment of benefits and expenses and the establishment of statutory reserves during one or more interim periods; and the appointed actuary shall annually offer an opinion for all policies subject to this section as to whether the mortality rates resulting from the application of X meet the requirements of this subdivision. This opinion shall be supported by an actuarial report, subject to appropriate actuarial standards of practice promulgated by the actuarial standards board of the American academy of actuaries. It shall reflect anticipated future mortality, without recognition of mortality improvement beyond the valuation date, taking into account relevant emerging experience.
Ins 2.80(4)(c)
(c) This paragraph applies to both basic reserves and deficiency reserves. Any set of select mortality factors may be used only for the first segment. However, if the first segment is less than 10 years, the appropriate 10-year select mortality factors incorporated into the 1980 amendments to the national association of insurance commissioners standard valuation law, as provided in s.
623.06 (2) (am), Stats., may be used thereafter through the 10th policy year from the date of issue.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: This section does not allow the use of the select mortality factors beyond the first segment. The rationale is that the result of a premium increase that is sufficient to require a new segment will be increased lapsation, leading to mortality deterioration after the increase. However, this section allows the use of the ten-year select mortality factors incorporated into the 1980 amendments to the national association of insurance commissioners standard valuation law, see s.
623.06 (2) (am), Stats., beyond the first segment (but in no case beyond the tenth policy year) in recognition that the mortality deterioration is unlikely to occur to a significant degree within the first 10 years.
Ins 2.80(4)(d)
(d) In determining basic reserves or deficiency reserves, guaranteed gross premiums without policy fees may be used where the calculation involves the guaranteed gross premium but only if the policy fee is a level dollar amount after the first policy year. In determining deficiency reserves, policy fees may be included in guaranteed gross premiums even if not included in the actual calculation of basic reserves.
Ins 2.80(4)(e)
(e) Reserves for policies that have changes to guaranteed gross premiums, guaranteed benefits, guaranteed charges, or guaranteed credits that are unilaterally made by the insurer after issue and that are effective for more than one year after the date of the change shall be the greatest of the following:
Ins 2.80(4)(e)3.
3. Reserves assuming that the policy was issued on the date of the guarantee.
Ins 2.80(4)(f)
(f) The commissioner may require that the company document the extent of the adequacy of reserves for specified blocks, including but not limited to policies issued prior to the effective date of this regulation. This documentation may include a demonstration of the extent to which aggregation with other non-specified blocks of business is relied upon in the formation of the appointed actuary opinion pursuant to and consistent with the requirements of s.
Ins 50.78.
Ins 2.80(5)
(5) Calculation of minimum valuation standard for policies with guaranteed nonlevel gross premiums or guaranteed nonlevel benefits, other than universal life policies. Ins 2.80(5)(a)(a) Basic reserves shall be calculated as the greater of the segmented reserves and the unitary reserves. Both the segmented reserves and the unitary reserves for any policy shall use the same 1980 CSO valuation table and the same select mortality factors. At the option of the insurer, in calculating segmented reserves and net premiums, either of the following adjustments may be made:
Ins 2.80(5)(a)1.
1. Treat the unitary reserve, if greater than zero, applicable at the end of each segment as a pure endowment and subtract the unitary reserve, if greater than zero, applicable at the beginning of each segment from the present value of guaranteed life insurance and endowment benefits for each segment.
Ins 2.80(5)(a)2.
2. Treat the guaranteed cash surrender value, if greater than zero, applicable at the end of each segment as a pure endowment and subtract the guaranteed cash surrender value, if greater than zero, applicable at the beginning of each segment from the present value of guaranteed life insurance and endowment benefits for each segment.
Ins 2.80(5)(b)
(b) The deficiency reserve at any duration shall be calculated as follows:
Ins 2.80(5)(b)1.
1. Using unitary reserves if the corresponding basic reserve determined by par.
(a) is unitary.
Ins 2.80(5)(b)2.
2. Using segmented reserves if the corresponding basic reserve determined by par.
(a) is segmented.
Ins 2.80(5)(b)3.
3. Using segmented reserves if the corresponding basic reserve determined by par.
(a) is equal to both the segmented reserve and the unitary reserve.
Ins 2.80(5)(c)
(c) Paragraphs
(b),
(d), and
(e) shall apply to any policy for which the guaranteed gross premium at any duration is less than the corresponding modified net premium calculated by the method used in determining the basic reserves, but using the minimum valuation standards of mortality specified in sub.
(4) (b) and rate of interest.
Ins 2.80(5)(d)
(d) Deficiency reserves, if any, shall be calculated for each policy as the excess, if greater than zero, for the current and all remaining periods, of the quantity A over the basic reserve, where A is obtained as indicated in sub.
(4) (b).
Ins 2.80(5)(e)
(e) For deficiency reserves determined on a contract segmentation method, the quantity A is determined using segment lengths equal to those determined for segmented basic reserves.
Ins 2.80(5)(f)
(f) Basic reserves may not be less than the tabular cost of insurance for the balance of the policy year, if mean reserves are used. Basic reserves may not be less than the tabular cost of insurance for the balance of the current modal period or to the paid-to-date, if later, but not beyond the next policy anniversary, if mid-terminal reserves are used. The tabular cost of insurance shall use the same valuation mortality table and interest rates as that used for the calculation of the segmented reserves. However, if select mortality factors are used, they shall be the ten-year select factors incorporated into the 1980 amendments of the national association of insurance commissioners standard valuation law. In no case may total reserves, including basic reserves, deficiency reserves and any reserves held for supplemental benefits that would expire upon contract termination, be less than the amount that the policyowner would receive (including the cash surrender value of the supplemental benefits, if any) exclusive of any deduction for policy loans, upon termination of the policy.
Ins 2.80(5)(g)
(g) For any policy with an unusual pattern of guaranteed cash surrender values, the reserves actually held prior to the first unusual guaranteed cash surrender value may not be less than the reserves calculated by treating the first unusual guaranteed cash surrender value as a pure endowment and treating the policy as an n-year policy providing term insurance plus a pure endowment equal to the unusual cash surrender value, where n is the number of years from the date of issue to the date the unusual cash surrender value is scheduled.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: This requirement is independent of both the segmentation process and the unitary process. After the greater of the segmented or the unitary reserve has been determined, then pars. (g), (h), and (i) impose an additional floor of the ultimate reserve. The purpose of pars. (g), (h) and (i) is to assure adequate funding of significant increases in guaranteed cash surrender values.
Ins 2.80(5)(h)
(h) The reserves actually held subsequent to any unusual guaranteed cash surrender value may not be less than the reserves calculated by treating the policy as an n-year policy providing term insurance plus a pure endowment equal to the next unusual guaranteed cash surrender value, and treating any unusual guaranteed cash surrender value at the end of the prior segment as a net single premium, where all of the following apply:
Ins 2.80(5)(h)1.
1. n is the number of years from the date of the last unusual guaranteed cash surrender value prior to the valuation date to the earlier of the date of the next unusual guaranteed cash surrender value, if any, that is scheduled after the valuation date or the mandatory expiration date of the policy.
Ins 2.80(5)(h)2.
2. The net premium for a given year during the n-year period is equal to the product of the net-to-gross ratio and the respective gross premium.
Ins 2.80(5)(h)3.
3. The net-to-gross ratio is equal to the present value, at the beginning of the n-year period, of death benefits payable during the n-year period plus the present value, at the beginning of the n-year period, of the next unusual guaranteed cash surrender value, if any, minus the amount of the last unusual guaranteed cash surrender value, if any, scheduled at the beginning of the n-year period divided by the present value, at the beginning of the n-year period, of the scheduled gross premiums payable during the n-year period.
Ins 2.80(5)(i)
(i) For purposes of pars.
(g) and
(h), a policy is considered to have an unusual pattern of guaranteed cash surrender values if any future guaranteed cash surrender value exceeds the prior year's guaranteed cash surrender value by more than the sum of all of the following:
Ins 2.80(5)(i)1.
1. One hundred ten percent of the scheduled gross premium for that year.
Ins 2.80(5)(i)2.
2. One hundred ten percent of one year's accrued interest on the sum of the prior year's guaranteed cash surrender value and the scheduled gross premium using the nonforfeiture interest rate used for calculating policy guaranteed cash surrender values.
Ins 2.80(5)(i)3.
3. Five percent of the first policy year surrender charge, if any.
Ins 2.80(5)(j)
(j) At the option of the insurer, the following approach for reserves on yearly renewable term reinsurance may be used:
Ins 2.80(5)(j)1.
1. Calculate the valuation net premium for each future policy year as the tabular cost of insurance for that future year.
Ins 2.80(5)(j)2.
2. Basic reserves may not be less than the tabular cost of insurance for the appropriate period, as defined in par.
(f).
Ins 2.80(5)(j)3.
3. For deficiency reserves for each policy year, calculate the excess, if greater than zero, of the valuation net premium over the respective maximum guaranteed gross premium. Deficiency reserves may not be less than the sum of the present values, at the date of valuation, of the excesses determined in accordance with this subdivision.
Ins 2.80(5)(j)4.
4. For purposes of this paragraph, the calculations use the maximum valuation interest rate and the 1980 CSO valuation table with or without 10-year select mortality factors.
Ins 2.80(5)(j)5.
5. A reinsurance agreement shall be considered yearly renewable term reinsurance for purposes of this paragraph if only the mortality risk is reinsured.
Ins 2.80(5)(j)6.
6. If the assuming company chooses this optional exemption, The ceding company's reserve credit shall be limited to the amount of reserve held by the assuming company for the affected policies.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: Traditional reserves for yearly renewable term reinsurance, the calculations of which par. (j) describes, are already adequate and sufficient. However, without this option, yearly renewable term reinsurance would be subject to the more complex segmentation calculations.
Ins 2.80(5)(k)
(k) At the option of the insurer, the following approach for reserves for attained-age-based yearly renewable term life insurance policies may be used:
Ins 2.80(5)(k)1.
1. Calculate the valuation net premium for each future policy year as the tabular cost of insurance for that future year.
Ins 2.80(5)(k)2.
2. Basic reserves may not be less than the tabular cost of insurance for the appropriate period, as defined in par.
(f).
Ins 2.80(5)(k)3.
3. For deficiency reserves for each policy year, calculate the excess, if greater than zero, of the valuation net premium over the respective maximum guaranteed gross premium. Deficiency reserves may not be less than the sum of the present values, at the date of valuation, of the excesses determined in accordance with this subdivision.
Ins 2.80(5)(k)4.
4. For purposes of this paragraph, the calculations use the maximum valuation interest rate and the 1980 CSO valuation table with or without 10-year select mortality factors.
Ins 2.80(5)(k)5.
5. A policy shall be considered an attained-age-based yearly renewable term life insurance policy for purposes of this paragraph if both of the following apply:
Ins 2.80(5)(k)5.a.
a. The premium rates, on both the initial current premium scale and the guaranteed maximum premium scale, are based upon the attained age of the insured such that the rate for any given policy at a given attained age of the insured is independent of the year the policy was issued.
Ins 2.80(5)(k)5.b.
b. The premium rates, on both the initial current premium scale and the guaranteed maximum premium scale, are the same as the premium rates for policies covering all insureds of the same sex, risk class, plan of insurance and attained age.
Ins 2.80(5)(k)6.
6. For policies that become attained-age-based yearly renewable term policies after an initial period of coverage, the approach of this paragraph may be used after the initial period if both the following apply:
Ins 2.80(5)(k)6.a.
a. The initial period is either constant or runs to a common attained age for all insureds of the same sex, risk class and plan of insurance.
Ins 2.80(5)(k)6.b.
b. After the initial period of coverage, the policy meets the conditions of subd.
5. Ins 2.80(5)(k)7.
7. If the election in this paragraph is made, this approach shall be applied in determining reserves for all attained-age-based yearly renewable term life insurance policies issued on or after the effective date of this section.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: Traditional reserves for attained-age-based yearly renewable term policies, the calculations of which this paragraph describes, are already adequate and sufficient. However, without this option, these policies would be subject to the more complex segmentation calculations.
Ins 2.80(5)(L)
(L) Unitary basic reserves and unitary deficiency reserves need not be calculated for a policy if all of the following conditions are met:
Ins 2.80(5)(L)1.
1. The policy consists of a series of n-year periods, including the first period and all renewal periods, where n is the same for each period, except that for the final renewal period, n may be truncated or extended to reach the expiry age, provided that this final renewal period is less than 10 years and less than twice the size of the earlier n-year periods, and for each period, the premium rates on both the initial current premium scale and the guaranteed maximum premium scale are level.
Ins 2.80(5)(L)2.
2. The guaranteed gross premiums in all n-year periods are not less than the corresponding net premiums based upon the 1980 CSO valuation table with or without the 10-year select mortality factors.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: Without this exemption, companies issuing certain n-year renewable term policies could be forced to hold reserves higher than n-year term reserves, even though in many cases gross premiums are well above valuation mortality rates.
Ins 2.80(5)(m)
(m) Unitary basic reserves and unitary deficiency reserves need not be calculated for a juvenile policy if, based upon the initial current premium scale at issue, all of the following conditions are met:
Ins 2.80(5)(m)2.
2. Until the insured reaches the end of the juvenile period, which shall occur at or before age 25, the gross premiums and death benefits are level, and there are no cash surrender values.
Ins 2.80(5)(m)3.
3. After the end of the juvenile period, gross premiums are level for the remainder of the premium-paying period, and death benefits are level for the remainder of the life of the policy.
Ins 2.80 Note
Note: The jumping juvenile policy described has traditionally been valued in two segments. This exemption will allow that practice to continue without requiring the calculation of reserves on a unitary basis. However, within each segment, both basic and deficiency reserves shall comply with the segmented reserve requirements.
