Chapter DHS 157

DHS 157.03(251) (251) “Person in control” means the individual directly responsible for safe operation of the radiation installation.

DHS 157.03(252) (252) “Personal supervision” means guidance and instruction by the supervisor who is physically present at the jobsite and watching the performance of the operation in such proximity that contact may be maintained and immediate assistance given as required.

DHS 157.03(252g) (252g) “Personnel dosimeter”means a dosimeter assigned to an individual.

DHS 157.03(252r) (252r) “Personnel security screening system” means any x-ray equipment used on humans for security evaluation.

DHS 157.03(253) (253) “Phantom” means a volume of material behaving in a manner similar to tissue with respect to the attenuation and scattering of radiation.

DHS 157.03 Note Note: This requires that both the atomic number (Z) and the density of the material be similar to that of tissue.

DHS 157.03(254) (254) “Pharmacist” means an individual licensed under ch. 450, Stats., to practice pharmacy.

DHS 157.03(255) (255) “Physician” means a medical doctor or doctor of osteopathy licensed under ch. 448, Stats., to prescribe drugs in the practice of medicine.

DHS 157.03(256) (256) “Picture element” means an elemental area of a tomogram.

DHS 157.03(257) (257) “Planned special exposure” means an infrequent exposure to radiation, separate from and in addition to the annual occupational dose limits, that requires a licensee or registrant to calculate the dose to be received by individuals prior to initiation of the planned task, as required under s. DHS 157.22 (6).

DHS 157.03(258) (258) “Pocket dosimeter” means a type of individual monitoring device that allows the user to view the accumulated radiation exposure received as recorded by the device.

DHS 157.03(259) (259) “Podiatrist” means an individual licensed under ch. 448, Stats., to practice podiatry.

DHS 157.03(260) (260) “Pool irradiator” means any irradiator where the sources are stored or used in a pool of water including panoramic wet-source-storage irradiators and underwater irradiators.

DHS 157.03(261) (261) “Portable x-ray equipment” means x-ray equipment designed to be hand-carried.

DHS 157.03(262) (262) “Position indicating device” or “PID” means a device on dental x-ray equipment used to indicate the beam position and to establish a definite source-surface distance from the skin.

DHS 157.03 Note Note: A position indicating device may or may not incorporate or serve as a beam-limiting device.

DHS 157.03(263) (263) “Positive beam limitation” or “PBL” means the automatic or semi-automatic adjustment of an x-ray beam to the size of the selected image receptor, whereby exposures cannot be made without such adjustment.

DHS 157.03(264) (264) “Positive pressure respirator” means a respirator in which the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering exceeds the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.

DHS 157.03(264m) (264m) “Positron emission tomography/computed tomography” or “PET/CT” means a dual modality imaging assembly comprised of two distinct components, one using radioactive material for imaging and the other using an x-ray source.

DHS 157.03(264r) (264r) “Positron emission tomography radionuclide production facility” or “PET facility” means a facility operating a cyclotron or accelerator for the purpose of producing PET radionuclides within a consortium for noncommercial distribution among its associated members for medical use.

DHS 157.03(265) (265) “Powered air-purifying respirator” or “PAPR” means an air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the ambient air through air-purifying elements to the inlet covering.

DHS 157.03(266) (266) “Practical examination” means a demonstration through application of the safety rules and principles in industrial radiography including use of all procedures and equipment to be used by radiographic personnel.

DHS 157.03(267) (267) “Preceptor” means an individual who provides, directs or verifies training and experience required for an individual to become an authorized user, an authorized medical physicist, an authorized nuclear pharmacist, a radiation safety officer for medical use, or an associate radiation safety officer.

DHS 157.03(268) (268) “Prescribed dosage” means the specified activity or a range of activities of a drug containing radioactive material as documented by any of the following means:

DHS 157.03(268)(a) (a) In a written directive or prescription.

DHS 157.03(268)(b) (b) Under directions of the authorized user for procedures not requiring a written directive.

DHS 157.03(269) (269) “Prescribed dose” means any of the following:

DHS 157.03(269)(a) (a) For gamma stereotactic radiosurgery, the total dose as documented in the written directive.

DHS 157.03(269)(b) (b) For teletherapy, the total dose and dose per fraction as documented in the written directive.

DHS 157.03(269)(c) (c) For brachytherapy, either the total source strength and exposure time or the total dose, as documented in the written directive.

DHS 157.03(269)(d) (d) For remote afterloaders, the total dose and dose per fraction as documented in the written directive.

DHS 157.03(270) (270) “Pressure demand respirator” means a positive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits breathing air to the facepiece when the positive pressure is reduced inside the facepiece by inhalation.

DHS 157.03(271) (271) “Primary dose monitoring system” means a system which will monitor the useful beam during irradiation and which will terminate irradiation when a pre-selected number of dose monitor units have been delivered.

DHS 157.03(272) (272) “Primary protective barrier” means the material, excluding filters, placed in the useful beam.

DHS 157.03(273) (273) “Principal activities” means activities authorized by the license that are essential to achieving the purpose for which the license was issued or amended. “Principal activities” do not include storage during which no licensed material is accessed for use or disposal and activities incidental to decontamination or decommissioning.

DHS 157.03(274) (274) “Product conveyor system” means a system for moving the product to be irradiated to, from and within the area where irradiation takes place.

DHS 157.03(275) (275) “Protective apron” means an apron made of radiation absorbing materials used to reduce radiation exposure to the wearer.

DHS 157.03(276) (276) “Protective barrier” means a primary or secondary protective barrier of radiation absorbing material or materials used to reduce radiation exposure.

DHS 157.03(277) (277) “Protective glove” means a glove made of radiation absorbing materials used to reduce radiation exposure and that surrounds the hand and fingers.

DHS 157.03(278) (278) “Public dose” means the dose received by a member of the public from exposure to sources of radiation released by a licensee or registrant or to any other source of radiation under the control of a licensee or registrant. It does not include occupational dose, dose received from background radiation, from any medical administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals administered radioactive material and released under s. DHS 157.62 (8) or from voluntary participation in medical research programs.

DHS 157.03(279) (279) “Pulsed dose-rate remote afterloader” or “PDR” means a device that uses a single source capable of delivering dose rates in the high dose-rate range, but has both of the following characteristics:

DHS 157.03(279)(a) (a) Is approximately one-tenth of the activity of typical high dose-rate remote afterloader sources.

DHS 157.03(279)(b) (b) Is used to simulate the radiobiology of a low dose rate treatment by inserting the source for a given fraction of each hour.

DHS 157.03(279m) (279m) “Pulsed mode” means operation of the x-ray system such that the x-ray tube current is pulsed by the x-ray control to produce one or more exposure intervals of duration less than one-half second.

DHS 157.03(280) (280) “Pyrophoric liquid” means any liquid that ignites spontaneously in dry or moist air at or below 54.4° C (130° F). This includes spontaneously combustible and water-reactive materials.

DHS 157.03(281) (281) “Pyrophoric solid” means any solid material, other than an explosive material, which under normal conditions is liable to cause fires through friction, retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which may be ignited readily and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious transportation, handling or disposal hazard.

DHS 157.03(282) (282) “Qualitative fit test” or “QLFT” means a pass or fail fit test to assess the adequacy of respirator fit that relies on the individual’s response to the test agent.

DHS 157.03(283) (283) “Quality control” means an ongoing program to ensure continued reliable performance of the equipment designed to detect changes which may result in a clinically significant degradation in image quality or a significant increase in radiation exposure.

DHS 157.03(284) (284) “Quality factor” or “Q” means the modifying factor listed in tables 157.06A and 157.06B of s. DHS 157.06 (4) that is used to derive dose equivalent from absorbed dose.

DHS 157.03(285) (285) “Quantitative fit test” or “QNFT” means an assessment of the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator.

DHS 157.03(286) (286) “Rad” means the special unit of absorbed dose. One rad is equal to an absorbed dose of 100 erg per gram or 0.01 joule per kilogram (0.01 gray).

DHS 157.03(287) (287) “Radiation” means alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons and other particles capable of producing ions. “Radiation” does not include non-ionizing radiation, such as radiowaves or microwaves, visible, infrared or ultraviolet light.

DHS 157.03(288) (288) “Radiation area” means any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 0.05 mSv (0.005 rem) in one hour at 30 centimeters from the source of radiation or from any surface that the radiation penetrates.

DHS 157.03(288m) (288m) “Radiation generating device” or “RGD” means any system, device, subsystem, or component thereof, which may generate x-rays or particle radiation between 5 keV and 1 MeV, and not intended for healing arts use for humans or animals. RGD may be fixed or portable with any of the following characteristics:

DHS 157.03(288m)(a) (a) Mobile-means RGD equipment mounted on a permanent base with wheels and/or casters for moving while completely assembled.

DHS 157.03(288m)(b) (b) Portable-means RGD equipment designed to be hand-carried.

DHS 157.03(288m)(c) (c) Stationary-means RGD equipment that is installed or placed in a fixed location.

DHS 157.03(288m)(d) (d) Transportable-means RGD equipment to be installed in a vehicle or that may be readily disassembled for transport or use in a vehicle.

DHS 157.03(289) (289) “Radiation head” means the structure from which the useful beam emerges.

DHS 157.03(290) (290) “Radiation incident” means the loss of control of a radioactive source or materials or the unintended exposure of an individual to radiation that exceeds the limits in this chapter.

DHS 157.03(291) (291) “Radiation installation” means any location or facility where radiation machines are used or where radioactive material is produced, transported, stored, disposed of or used for any purpose.

DHS 157.03(292) (292) “Radiation machine” means any device capable of producing radiation, except those devices with radioactive material as the only source of radiation.

DHS 157.03(293) (293) “Radiation room” means a shielded room in which irradiations take place. Underwater irradiators do not have radiation rooms.

DHS 157.03(294) (294) “Radiation safety officer” or “RSO” means an individual who has the knowledge and training to apply appropriate radiation regulations and has been assigned the responsibility for the overall radiation safety program by the registrant or licensee and is identified on a registration or a specific license.

DHS 157.03(295) (295) “Radiation safety officer for industrial radiography” means an individual with the responsibility for the overall radiation safety program for a licensee or registrant and who meets the requirements of s. DHS 157.44 (2).

DHS 157.03(295m) (295m) “Radiation safety officer for medical use” means an individual that meets the requirements of s. DHS 157.61 (7) (a) or who is identified as a radiation safety officer on a department, NRC or another agreement state medical use license or other equivalent license or permit recognized by the department for similar types and uses of radioactive material.

DHS 157.03(296) (296) “Radiation therapy simulation system” means a radiographic, CT or fluoroscopic x-ray system intended for localizing the volume to be exposed during radiation therapy and confirming the position and size of the therapeutic irradiation field.

DHS 157.03(297) (297) “Radioactive drug” means any chemical compound containing radioactive material that may be used on or administered to patients or human research subjects as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease or other abnormal condition.

DHS 157.03(298) (298) “Radioactive marker” means radioactive material placed in the well-bore or on a structure intended for subsurface use for the purpose of depth determination or direction orientation.

DHS 157.03(299) (299) “Radioactive material” means any solid, liquid or gas that emits radiation spontaneously.

DHS 157.03(300) (300) “Radioactivity” means the transformation of unstable atomic nuclei by the emission of radiation.

DHS 157.03(301) (301) “Radiograph” means an image which is created directly or indirectly by radiation and results in a permanent record, either film or electronically stored image.

DHS 157.03(302) (302) “Radiographer” means any individual who performs or who, in attendance at the site where the sources of radiation are being used, personally supervises industrial radiographic operations and who is responsible to the licensee or registrant for assuring compliance with the requirements of this chapter and the conditions of the license or registration.

DHS 157.03(303) (303) “Radiographer certification” means written approval received from a certifying entity stating that an individual has satisfactorily met the equivalent radiation safety, testing and experience criteria in s. DHS 157.44 (3) (a).

DHS 157.03(304) (304) “Radiographer’s assistant” means any individual who under the direct supervision of a radiographer, uses radiographic exposure devices, sources of radiation, related handling tools or radiation survey instruments in industrial radiography.

DHS 157.03(305) (305) “Radiographic exposure device” means any instrument containing a sealed source fastened or contained within the instrument, in which the sealed source or shielding thereof may be moved or otherwise changed, from a shielded to unshielded position for purposes of making a radiographic exposure.

DHS 157.03(306) (306) “Radiographic imaging system” means any system whereby a permanent or semi-permanent image is recorded on an image receptor by the action of ionizing radiation.

DHS 157.03(307) (307) “Radiographic operations” means all activities performed with a radiographic exposure device or with a radiation machine. Activities include using, transporting, except by common or contract carriers or storing at a temporary job site, performing surveys to confirm the adequacy of boundaries, setting up equipment and any activity inside restricted area boundaries. Transporting a radiation machine is not considered a radiographic operation.

DHS 157.03(308) (308) “Radionuclide” means a radioactive form of an element.

DHS 157.03(309) (309) “Rating” means the operating limits as specified by the component manufacturer.

DHS 157.03(310) (310) “Redundant beam monitoring system” means a combination of 2 dose monitoring systems in which each system is designed to terminate irradiation under a pre-selected number of dose monitor units.

DHS 157.03(311) (311) “Reference man” means a hypothetical aggregation of human physical and physiological characteristics determined by international consensus. These characteristics may be used by researchers and public health workers to standardize results of experiments and to relate biological insult to a common base.

DHS 157.03(312) (312) “Reference plane” means a plane that is displaced from and parallel to the tomographic plane.

DHS 157.03(313) (313) “Regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation” means the regulations in 49 CFR 100 to 189 and 390 to 397.

DHS 157.03(314) (314) “Rem” means the special unit of any of the quantities expressed as dose equivalent.

DHS 157.03 Note Note: The dose equivalent in rem is equal to the absorbed dose in rad multiplied by the quality factor. One rem equals 0.01 sievert.

DHS 157.03(315) (315) “Research and development” means either of the following:

DHS 157.03(315)(a) (a) Theoretical analysis, exploration or experimentation.

DHS 157.03(315)(b) (b) The practical application of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature for experimental and demonstration purposes, including the experimental production and testing of models, devices, equipment, materials and processes. Research and development does not include the internal or external administration of radiation or radioactive material to human beings.