October 9, 2023 - Introduced by Senators Knodl, Marklein, Cabral-Guevara, Stroebel and Cowles, cosponsored by Representatives Oldenburg, Novak, Tranel, Plumer, Mursau and Kitchens. Referred to Committee on Shared Revenue, Elections and Consumer Protection.
SB488,,22An Act to amend 3.002 (2), 5.15 (4) (a) and 5.15 (4) (b); to repeal and recreate subchapter I of chapter 4 [precedes 4.001]; and to create 13.49 of the statutes; relating to: legislative redistricting. SB488,,33Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau The content of this bill is the same as that in Engrossed 2023 Assembly Bill 415.
Currently, under the state constitution, the legislature is directed to redistrict legislative districts according to the number of inhabitants at its next session following each federal decennial census. Under current state law, following each federal decennial census, most municipalities are also required to divide their territory into wards. With limited exceptions, wards are required to consist of one or more whole, contiguous census blocks (the smallest geographic units for which census results are available). Traditionally, the legislature has used municipal wards to construct legislative districts, although the legislature may adjust the boundaries of a municipal ward and use the revised ward boundaries instead. Legislative redistricting plans enacted pursuant to this procedure are used to elect members of the legislature in the fall of the second year following the year of the census.
This bill creates a new procedure for the preparation of legislative redistricting plans. The bill directs the Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB) to draw redistricting plans based upon standards specified in the bill and establishes a redistricting advisory commission to perform certain tasks in the redistricting process. The bill also makes various other changes to the laws governing redistricting. Significant aspects of the bill include the following:
Redistricting standards
Under the bill, a redistricting plan drawn by the LRB must satisfy several criteria, including the following:
1. The plan must be based on population requirements imposed under the Wisconsin Constitution and the U.S. Constitution and requirements imposed under the federal Voting Rights Act, which, among other things, generally prohibits redistricting plans from abridging the right to vote on account of race or color or because a person is a member of a language minority group.
2. The senate and assembly districts established in the plan must satisfy equal population standards specified in the bill.
3. District boundaries under the plan must coincide with municipal ward boundaries and, to the extent consistent with the Wisconsin Constitution, the U.S. Constitution, and the Voting Rights Act, must coincide with the boundaries of political subdivisions. The number of political subdivisions divided among more than one district must be as small as possible and must preserve the communities of interest.
4. Districts must be composed of convenient contiguous territory. Under the bill, areas that meet only at the points of adjoining corners are not contiguous.
5. To the extent consistent with the requirements described in items 1 to 3, districts must be compact. The bill also specifies how compactness is to be measured.
6. In preparing the plan, the LRB must be strictly nonpartisan. No district may be drawn for the purpose of favoring a political party, incumbent legislator, or other person or group. The LRB may not use residence addresses of incumbent legislators, political affiliations of registered voters, previous election results, or demographic information to augment or dilute the voting strength of a language or racial minority group, except as necessary to meet the requirements described in item 1.
7. The number of assembly districts may not be less than 54 nor more than 100. The number of senate districts may not be more than one-third nor less than one-fourth of the number of assembly districts and each senate district must contain only whole assembly districts.
Redistricting advisory commission
The bill assigns several tasks to the redistricting advisory commission, including the following:
1. If requested to do so by the LRB, the commission must provide direction to the LRB concerning any decision the LRB must make in preparing a redistricting plan for which no clearly applicable guideline is provided under the bill.
2. The commission must make available to the public at the earliest feasible time copies of any redistricting bill delivered by the LRB to the legislature, as provided under this bill, maps illustrating the redistricting bill, a summary of the standards applicable to the LRB for development of the plan in the redistricting bill, and a statement of the population of each district created in the plan and the relative deviation of each district population from the ideal district population.
3. The commission must conduct at least eight public hearings on a redistricting bill delivered by the LRB to the legislature, as provided under this bill, unless the redistricting bill represents a plan drawn in response to a redistricting bill that was previously delivered to the legislature and rejected by at least one house. The commission must hold one public hearing in a city of the first class, at least one public hearing in the northern half of the state, and no more than one public hearing in the city of Madison. The commission must submit a report to the legislature summarizing information and testimony received by the commission at the hearings. The report may also include any comments and conclusions that the commission’s members deem appropriate concerning the information and testimony received at the hearings or otherwise presented to the commission.
The bill also permits the commission to establish policies limiting the information that the LRB may provide to persons other than LRB staff concerning any redistricting plan drawn by the LRB, except that any such policy does not apply to population data furnished to the LRB by the U.S. Bureau of the Census or to a redistricting plan after a bill embodying that plan is delivered by the LRB to the legislature as required under this bill. The policies established by the commission must be consistent with the current law limitations applicable to bills created by the LRB.
Under the bill, the redistricting advisory commission must be created not later than February 15 of the first year following the federal decennial census and terminates upon satisfying its duties, until a new redistricting advisory commission is created for the next round of legislative redistricting. The commission consists of five members. The speaker and minority leader of the assembly and the majority and minority leaders of the senate must each appoint one person to serve on the commission. Within 30 days after the fourth commission member is appointed, but not later than February 15 of the first year following the federal decennial census, the four commission members so appointed must select the fifth commission member, who serves as chairperson. The bill prohibits all of the following individuals from being a commission member: individuals who are not eligible electors of this state at the time of the appointment, individuals who hold partisan public office or political party office, and individuals who are a relative of or are employed by a member of the legislature, or are employed directly by the legislature or Congress. Under the bill, the LRB must provide assistance to the commission regarding the operations of the commission. In addition, upon the LRB’s recommendation, the commission must appoint a person with expertise in complying with the federal Voting Rights Act. Finally, no member of the commission may abstain from taking a vote on any matter before the commission, and no vote may be taken by the commission without all five members present and voting.
Redistricting process
The bill requires the LRB to perform certain tasks in preparation for drawing legislative redistricting plans on the basis of each federal decennial census. For example, as soon as possible after receiving from the U.S. Bureau of the Census the population data needed for legislative redistricting, the LRB must use that data to assign a population figure to geographic or political units to facilitate the drawing of redistricting plans. Typically, this data is available on or about April 1 of the first year following the federal decennial census. The LRB must also prepare and publish an analysis describing the population of current legislative districts and the extent to which the districts may violate the redistricting standards described above. In addition, as municipalities complete their ward plans (typically, by October of the first year following the federal decennial census), the LRB must assign a population figure based upon certified federal census data to each municipal ward, for use in drawing redistricting plans.
Not later than January 1 of the second year following the federal decennial census, the LRB must deliver to the majority leader of the senate and speaker of the assembly identical bills embodying a plan of legislative districting, drawn in accordance with the standards described above. The bill further specifies a procedure that the legislature must follow in considering the bills, although that procedure is not enforceable by the courts. The bill requires either the assembly or the senate to bring the bill to a vote expeditiously, but not less than seven days after the report of the redistricting advisory commission is received and made available to the members of the legislature. The vote must be under a procedure or rule permitting no amendments except those of a purely corrective nature. If the bill is approved by the first house in which it is considered, the bill must expeditiously be brought to a vote in the second house under a similar procedure or rule.
If neither of the bills delivered by the LRB is approved by both the assembly and the senate, the chief clerk of the house that failed to approve the bill must transmit to the LRB information on why the plan was not approved by that house. The LRB must then prepare identical bills embodying a second plan of legislative redistricting, taking into account the reasons transmitted to the LRB by the legislature, or, if applicable, by the governor by veto message, insofar as it is possible to do so while complying with the standards described above. The LRB must deliver the bill to the majority leader of the senate and the speaker of the assembly no later than 21 days after the date of the vote by which the senate or the assembly failed to approve the bill initially submitted. This second bill must be expeditiously introduced and brought to a vote not less than seven days after the date of introduction, in the same manner as prescribed for the initial bill.
If the second bill is similarly rejected by at least one house, the same procedures apply to the preparation of subsequent bills, except that no plan may be considered after January 31 of the even-numbered year following the census. Under the bill, plans submitted to the legislature may only be passed by a bipartisan vote.
The bill also provides exceptions to this process to account for variations in the timing of the release of federal census data. In addition, notwithstanding other provisions in the bill, the bill authorizes the creation of a redistricting advisory commission after the effective date of the bill in order to prepare new plans on or before January 1, 2024.
Required contents of redistricting bills
The LRB must ensure that each bill embodying a redistricting plan it draws contains specified conventions to apply wherever territory in a plan is described by geographic boundaries. Also, each such bill must provide that the bill first applies, with respect to regular elections, to offices filled at the next occurring general election and, with respect to special or recall elections, to offices filled or contested on or after the date of the next occurring general election.
Challenge based on population inequality
If an action is brought challenging a legislative redistricting plan adopted under the procedure established in the bill on the basis of an excessive population variance among senate or assembly districts, the legislature has the burden of justifying any variance in excess of 1 percent between the population of a senate or assembly district and the applicable ideal district population.
SB488,,44The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: SB488,15Section 1. 3.002 (2) of the statutes is amended to read: SB488,,663.002 (2) Wherever territory is described by geographic boundaries, such boundaries follow the conventions set forth in s. 4.003 4.008 (1). SB488,27Section 2. Subchapter I of chapter 4 [precedes 4.001] of the statutes is repealed and recreated to read: SB488,,1110GENERAL PROVISIONS
11AND REDISTRICTING SB488,,12124.001 Definitions. In this chapter, unless the context requires otherwise: SB488,,1313(1) “Block” has the meaning given in s. 5.02 (1q). SB488,,1414(2) “Commission” means the redistricting advisory commission established under s. 13.49. SB488,,1515(3) “Plan” means a plan for legislative reapportionment prepared under this subchapter. SB488,,1616(4) “Political subdivision” means a city, town, village, or county within this state. SB488,,1717(5) “Ward” means a municipal ward in effect on April 1 of the year of the federal decennial census and used in preparing plans as required under s. 4.005. SB488,,18184.002 Political subdivision boundaries. In this chapter, reference to any political subdivision means that political subdivision as its boundaries exist on April 1 of the year of the federal decennial census. SB488,,19194.003 Legislative districts established. This state is divided into 33 senate districts, each composed of 3 assembly districts. Each senate district may elect one member of the senate. Each assembly district may elect one representative to the assembly. SB488,,20204.004 Preparations for redistricting. (1) The legislative reference bureau shall acquire appropriate information, review and evaluate available facilities, and develop programs and procedures in preparation for drawing plans on the basis of each federal decennial census. SB488,,2121(2) By December 1 of the year of the federal decennial census, the legislative reference bureau shall obtain from the U.S. bureau of the census information regarding geographic and political units in this state for which federal census population data has been gathered and will be tabulated. The legislative reference bureau shall use the information to do all of the following: SB488,,2222(a) Prepare necessary descriptions of geographic and political units for which census data will be reported and that are suitable for use as components of legislative districts. SB488,,2323(b) Prepare maps of geographic and political units within the state that may be used to illustrate the locations of district boundaries proposed in plans prepared in accordance with s. 4.007. SB488,,2424(3) As soon as possible after receiving from the U.S. bureau of the census the population data needed for legislative redistricting that the U.S. bureau of the census is required to provide this state under P.L. 94-171, the legislative reference bureau shall use that data to assign a population figure to each geographic or political unit described under sub. (2). The legislative reference bureau shall prepare and publish an analysis describing the population of current legislative districts and the extent to which the districts may violate the standards under s. 4.007. Upon satisfying these requirements, the legislative reference bureau shall begin the preparation of plans as required under s. 4.006. SB488,,25254.005 Use of municipal ward plans. After receipt of a division ordinance or resolution under s. 5.15 (4) (b), the legislative reference bureau shall use the data obtained from the U.S. bureau of the census under s. 4.004 (3) to assign a population figure to each ward established in the division ordinance or resolution. The legislative reference bureau shall use each ward to which a population figure is assigned in preparing plans as required under s. 4.006. SB488,,26264.006 Preparation of redistricting plans. (1) Not later than January 1 of the 2nd year following the federal decennial census, the legislative reference bureau shall deliver to the majority leader of the senate and speaker of the assembly identical bills creating plans, prepared in accordance with s. 4.007. Either the assembly or the senate shall bring the bill to a vote expeditiously, but not less than 7 days after the commission report under s. 13.49 (3) (c) 2. is received and made available to the members of the legislature. The vote shall be under a procedure or rule permitting no amendments except those of a purely corrective nature. If the bill is approved by the first house in which it is considered, the bill shall expeditiously be brought to a vote in the 2nd house under a similar procedure or rule. SB488,,2727(2) If neither of the bills delivered by the legislative reference bureau under sub. (1) is approved by both the assembly and the senate, the chief clerk of the house that failed to approve the bill shall immediately transmit to the legislative reference bureau information on why the plan was not approved by that house. The legislative reference bureau shall prepare identical bills embodying a 2nd plan prepared in accordance with s. 4.007, taking into account the reasons transmitted to the legislative reference bureau under this subsection or, if applicable, transmitted to the legislative reference bureau by the governor by veto message, insofar as it is possible to do so within the requirements of s. 4.007. The legislative reference bureau shall deliver the bills to the majority leader of the senate and the speaker of the assembly no later than 21 days after the date of the vote by which the senate or the assembly failed to approve the bill submitted under sub. (1). Any bill delivered by the legislative reference bureau under this subsection shall be expeditiously introduced and brought to a vote not less than 7 days after the date of introduction, in the same manner as prescribed for the bill required under sub. (1). SB488,,2828(3) If neither of the bills delivered by the legislative reference bureau under sub. (2) is approved by both the assembly and the senate, the same procedure as prescribed by sub. (2) shall be followed. If a 3rd or subsequent plan is required under this subsection, the legislative reference bureau shall deliver the bills to the majority leader of the senate and the speaker of the assembly no later than 21 days after the date of the vote by which the senate or the assembly failed to approve the bill submitted under sub. (2). Any bill delivered by the legislative reference bureau under this subsection shall be expeditiously introduced and brought to a vote not less than 7 days after the date of introduction, in the same manner as prescribed for the bills required under subs. (1) and (2). No plan may be considered and voted on after January 31 of the 2nd year following the federal decennial census. SB488,,2929(3m) A plan delivered under this section may only be passed by a bipartisan vote. SB488,,3030(4) Notwithstanding subs. (1) to (3), if the population data for legislative redistricting that the U.S. bureau of the census is required to provide this state under P.L. 94-171 and, if used by the legislative reference bureau, the corresponding topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing data file for that population data are not available to the legislative reference bureau on or before April 1 of the first year following the federal decennial census, the deadlines set forth in this section shall be extended by a number of days equal to the number of days after April 1 of the first year following the federal decennial census that the population data and the topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing data file for legislative redistricting become available. SB488,,31314.007 Redistricting standards. (1) Legislative districts shall be established on the basis of population requirements imposed under the Wisconsin Constitution and the U.S. Constitution and requirements imposed under the federal Voting Rights Act and any other applicable federal law. SB488,,3232(2) Senate and assembly districts, respectively, shall satisfy the population standards established in this subsection. The quotient, obtained by dividing the sum of the absolute values of the deviations of all district populations from the applicable ideal district population by the number of districts established, may not exceed 1 percent of the applicable ideal district population, unless necessary to maintain compliance with the federal Voting Rights Act or any other applicable federal law. For purposes of this subsection, the ideal district population is determined by dividing the population of the state reported in the most recent federal decennial census by the number of districts to be established. SB488,,3333(3) District boundaries shall coincide with ward boundaries and, to the extent consistent with sub. (1), shall coincide with the boundaries of political subdivisions. The number of political subdivisions divided among more than one district shall be as small as possible and all such divisions shall preserve communities of interest. SB488,,3434(4) Districts shall be composed of convenient contiguous territory. Areas that meet only at the points of adjoining corners are not contiguous. A district containing detached portions of a municipality is legally contiguous even if the area around the detached portion of the municipality is part of a different district. SB488,,3535(5) To the extent consistent with subs. (1) to (3), districts shall be compact in form. Compact districts are those that are square, rectangular, or hexagonal in shape to the extent permitted by natural or political boundaries. The compactness of a district shall be measured by its Reock score. For each district, the Reock score shall be calculated by taking the ratio of the area of the district to the area of the minimum circumscribing circle. The Reock score ranges from zero to 1, with zero indicating that the district is not compact and one indicating that the district is optimally compact.
