AB68,1083,147
111.70
(7m) (c) 1. a. Any labor organization that represents public safety
8employees
or, transit employees
, or a frontline worker which violates sub. (4) (L) may
9not collect any dues under a collective bargaining agreement or under a fair-share
10agreement from any employee covered by either agreement for a period of one year.
11At the end of the period of suspension, any such agreement shall be reinstated unless
12the labor organization is no longer authorized to represent the
public safety
13employees or transit municipal employees covered by the collective bargaining
14agreement or fair-share agreement or the agreement is no longer in effect.
AB68,1852
15Section
1852. 111.81 (1) of the statutes is renumbered 111.81 (1s) and
16amended to read:
AB68,1084,417
111.81
(1s) “Collective bargaining" means the performance of the mutual
18obligation of the state as an employer, by its officers and agents, and the
19representatives of its employees, to meet and confer at reasonable times, in good
20faith, with respect to the subjects of bargaining provided in s. 111.91 (1)
, with respect
21to for public safety employees,
with respect to the subjects of bargaining provided in
22s. 111.91 (1w) for employees in a collective bargaining unit containing a frontline
23worker, and
with respect to the subjects of bargaining provided in s. 111.91 (3)
, with
24respect to for general employees
who are in a collective bargaining unit that does not
25contain a frontline worker, with the intention of reaching an agreement, or to resolve
1questions arising under such an agreement. The duty to bargain, however, does not
2compel either party to agree to a proposal or require the making of a concession.
3Collective bargaining includes the reduction of any agreement reached to a written
4and signed document.
AB68,1853
5Section
1853. 111.81 (1d) of the statutes is created to read:
AB68,1084,76
111.81
(1d) “Authority” means a body created under subch. II of ch. 114 or ch.
7231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 238, or 279.
AB68,1854
8Section
1854. 111.81 (7) (ag) of the statutes is created to read:
AB68,1084,99
111.81
(7) (ag) An employee of an authority.
AB68,1855
10Section
1855. 111.81 (8) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1084,1111
111.81
(8) “Employer" means the state of Wisconsin
and includes an authority.
AB68,1856
12Section
1856. 111.81 (9) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1084,1913
111.81
(9) “Fair-share agreement" means an agreement between the employer
14and a labor organization representing public safety employees
or a frontline worker 15under which all of the public safety employees
in the collective bargaining unit or all
16of the employees in a collective bargaining unit
containing a frontline worker are
17required to pay their proportionate share of the cost of the collective bargaining
18process and contract administration measured by the amount of dues uniformly
19required of all members.
AB68,1857
20Section
1857. 111.81 (9b) of the statutes is created to read:
AB68,1084,2221
111.81
(9b) “Frontline worker” means an employee who is determined to be a
22frontline worker under s. 111.817.
AB68,1858
23Section
1858. 111.81 (9g) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1084,2524
111.81
(9g) “General employee" means an employee who is not a public safety
25employee
or a frontline worker.
AB68,1859
1Section
1859. 111.81 (12) (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1085,52
111.81
(12) (intro.) “Labor organization" means any employee organization
3whose purpose is to represent employees in collective bargaining with the employer,
4or its agents, on matters that are subject to collective bargaining under s. 111.91 (1)
,
5(1w), or (3), whichever is applicable; but the term shall not include any organization:
AB68,1860
6Section
1860. 111.81 (12) (b) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1085,107
111.81
(12) (b) Which discriminates with regard to the terms or conditions of
8membership because of race, color, creed, sex, age, sexual orientation
, gender
9expression, as defined in s. 111.32 (7j), gender identity, as defined in s. 111.32 (7k), 10or national origin.
AB68,1861
11Section
1861. 111.81 (12m) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1085,2012
111.81
(12m) “Maintenance of membership agreement" means an agreement
13between the employer and a labor organization representing public safety employees
14or a frontline worker which requires that all of the public safety employees
or
15employees who are in a collective bargaining unit containing a frontline worker 16whose dues are being deducted from earnings under s. 20.921 (1) or 111.84 (1) (f) at
17the time the agreement takes effect shall continue to have dues deducted for the
18duration of the agreement, and that dues shall be deducted from the earnings of all
19public safety such employees who are hired on or after the effective date of the
20agreement.
AB68,1862
21Section
1862. 111.81 (16) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1086,222
111.81
(16) “Referendum" means a proceeding conducted by the commission in
23which public safety employees in a collective bargaining unit
or all employees in a
24collective bargaining unit containing a frontline worker may cast a secret ballot on
25the question of directing the labor organization and the employer to enter into a
1fair-share or maintenance of membership agreement or to terminate such an
2agreement.
AB68,1863
3Section
1863. 111.815 (1) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1086,244
111.815
(1) In the furtherance of this subchapter, the state shall be considered
5as a single employer and employment relations policies and practices throughout the
6state service shall be as consistent as practicable. The division shall negotiate and
7administer collective bargaining agreements. To coordinate the employer position
8in the negotiation of agreements, the division shall maintain close liaison with the
9legislature relative to the negotiation of agreements and the fiscal ramifications of
10those agreements. Except with respect to the collective bargaining units specified
11in s. 111.825 (1r) and (1t), the division is responsible for the employer functions of the
12executive branch under this subchapter, and shall coordinate its collective
13bargaining activities with operating state agencies on matters of agency concern
and
14with operating authorities on matters of authority concern. The legislative branch
15shall act upon those portions of tentative agreements negotiated by the division that
16require legislative action. With respect to the collective bargaining units specified
17in s. 111.825 (1r), the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System is
18responsible for the employer functions under this subchapter. With respect to the
19collective bargaining units specified in s. 111.825 (1t), the chancellor of the
20University of Wisconsin-Madison is responsible for the employer functions under
21this subchapter. With respect to the collective bargaining unit specified in s. 111.825
22(1r) (ef), the governing board of the charter school established by contract under s.
23118.40 (2r) (cm), 2013 stats., is responsible for the employer functions under this
24subchapter.
AB68,1864
25Section
1864. 111.817 of the statutes is created to read:
AB68,1087,6
1111.817 Duty of commission; determination of frontline workers. The
2commission shall determine that an employee is a frontline worker if the commission
3finds that the employee has regular job duties that include interacting with members
4of the public or with large populations of people or that directly involve the
5maintenance of public works. The commission may not determine that a public
6safety employee is a frontline worker.
AB68,1865
7Section
1865. 111.82 of the statutes is renumbered 111.82 (1) and amended
8to read:
AB68,1087,179
111.82
(1) Employees have the right of self-organization and the right to form,
10join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of
11their own choosing under this subchapter, and to engage in lawful, concerted
12activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.
13Employees also have the right to refrain from any or all of such activities. A general
14employee
may not be covered by a fair-share agreement unless the general employee
15is in a collective bargaining unit containing a frontline worker. Unless the general
16employee is covered by a fair-share agreement, a general employee has the right to
17refrain from paying dues while remaining a member of a collective bargaining unit.
AB68,1866
18Section
1866. 111.82 (2) of the statutes is created to read:
AB68,1087,2519
111.82
(2) General employees who are not in a collective bargaining unit
20containing a frontline worker have the right to have their employer consult with
21them, through a representative of their own choosing, with no intention of reaching
22an agreement, with respect to wages, hours, and conditions of employment. The
23right may be exercised when the employer proposes or implements policy changes
24affecting wages, hours, or conditions of employment or, if no policy changes are
25proposed or implemented, at least quarterly.
AB68,1867
1Section
1867. 111.825 (1) (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1088,72
111.825
(1) (intro.) It is the legislative intent that in order to foster meaningful
3collective bargaining, units must be structured in such a way as to avoid excessive
4fragmentation whenever possible. In accordance with this policy, collective
5bargaining units for employees in the classified service of the state
and for employees
6of authorities are structured on a statewide basis with one collective bargaining unit
7for each of the following occupational groups:
AB68,1868
8Section
1868. 111.825 (3) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1088,169
111.825
(3) The commission shall assign employees to the appropriate
10collective bargaining units set forth in subs. (1), (1r), (1t), and (2).
The commission
11may place frontline workers in a collective bargaining unit with employees who are
12not frontline workers if the commission determines it is appropriate; if the
13commission places in a collective bargaining unit frontline workers and employees
14who are not frontline workers, the collective bargaining unit is treated as if all
15employees in the collective bargaining unit are frontline workers and may bargain
16as provided in s. 111.91 (1w).
AB68,1869
17Section
1869. 111.825 (5) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1089,618
111.825
(5) Although supervisors are not considered employees for purposes
19of this subchapter, the commission may consider a petition for a statewide collective
20bargaining unit of professional supervisors or a statewide unit of nonprofessional
21supervisors in the classified service, but the representative of supervisors may not
22be affiliated with any labor organization representing employees. For purposes of
23this subsection, affiliation does not include membership in a national, state, county
24or municipal federation of national or international labor organizations. The
25certified representative of supervisors who are not public safety employees
or
1frontline workers may not bargain collectively with respect to any matter other than
2wages as provided in s. 111.91 (3),
and the certified representative of supervisors who
3are public safety employees may not bargain collectively with respect to any matter
4other than wages and fringe benefits as provided in s. 111.91 (1)
, and the certified
5representative of supervisors who are frontline workers may bargain as provided in
6s. 111.91 (1w).
AB68,1870
7Section
1870. 111.83 (1) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1089,218
111.83
(1) Except as provided in sub. (5), a
representative chosen for the
9purposes of collective bargaining by at least 51 percent of the general employees in
10a collective bargaining unit shall be the exclusive representative of all of the
11employees in such unit for the purposes of collective bargaining. A representative
12chosen for the purposes of collective bargaining by a majority of the
public safety 13employees voting in a collective bargaining unit shall be the exclusive representative
14of all of the employees in such unit for the purposes of collective bargaining. Any
15individual employee, or any minority group of employees in any collective bargaining
16unit, may present grievances to the employer in person, or through representatives
17of their own choosing, and the employer shall confer with the employee or group of
18employees in relation thereto if the majority representative has been afforded the
19opportunity to be present at the conference. Any adjustment resulting from such a
20conference may not be inconsistent with the conditions of employment established
21by the majority representative and the employer.
AB68,1871
22Section
1871. 111.83 (3) (a) of the statutes is renumbered 111.83 (3).
AB68,1872
23Section
1872. 111.83 (3) (b) of the statutes is repealed.
AB68,1873
24Section
1873. 111.83 (4) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1090,9
1111.83
(4) Whenever an election has been conducted under sub. (3)
(a) in which
2the name of more than one proposed representative appears on the ballot and results
3in no conclusion, the commission may, if requested by any party to the proceeding
4within 30 days from the date of the certification of the results of the election, conduct
5a runoff election. In that runoff election, the commission shall drop from the ballot
6the name of the representative who received the least number of votes at the original
7election. The commission shall drop from the ballot the privilege of voting against
8any representative if the least number of votes cast at the first election was against
9representation by any named representative.
AB68,1874
10Section
1874. 111.84 (1) (d) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1090,2011
111.84
(1) (d) To refuse to bargain collectively on matters set forth in s. 111.91
12(1)
, (1w), or (3), whichever is appropriate, with a representative of a majority of its
13employees in an appropriate collective bargaining unit. Where the employer has a
14good faith doubt as to whether a labor organization claiming the support of a majority
15of its employees in appropriate collective bargaining unit does in fact have that
16support, it may file with the commission a petition requesting an election as to that
17claim. It is not deemed to have refused to bargain until an election has been held and
18the results thereof certified to it by the commission. A violation of this paragraph
19includes, but is not limited to, the refusal to execute a collective bargaining
20agreement previously orally agreed upon.
AB68,1875
21Section
1875. 111.84 (1) (f) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1091,522
111.84
(1) (f) To deduct labor organization dues from the earnings of a public
23safety employee
or an employee who is in a collective bargaining unit containing a
24frontline worker, unless the employer has been presented with an individual order
25therefor, signed by the
public safety employee personally, and terminable by at least
1the end of any year of its life or earlier by the
public safety employee giving at least
230 but not more than 120 days' written notice of such termination to the employer
3and to the representative labor organization, except if there is a fair-share or
4maintenance of membership agreement in effect. The employer shall give notice to
5the labor organization of receipt of such notice of termination.
AB68,1876
6Section
1876. 111.84 (2) (c) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1091,157
111.84
(2) (c) To refuse to bargain collectively on matters set forth in s. 111.91
8(1)
, (1w), or (3), whichever is appropriate, with the duly authorized officer or agent
9of the employer which is the recognized or certified exclusive collective bargaining
10representative of employees specified in s. 111.81 (7) (a)
or (ag) in an appropriate
11collective bargaining unit or with the certified exclusive collective bargaining
12representative of employees specified in s. 111.81 (7) (ar) to (f) in an appropriate
13collective bargaining unit. Such refusal to bargain shall include, but not be limited
14to, the refusal to execute a collective bargaining agreement previously orally agreed
15upon.
AB68,1877
16Section
1877. 111.85 (1) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1092,217
111.85
(1) (a) No fair-share or maintenance of membership agreement
18covering public safety employees under this subchapter may become effective unless
19authorized by a referendum. The commission shall order a referendum whenever it
20receives a petition supported by proof that at least 30 percent of the public safety
21employees in a collective bargaining unit
or at least 30 percent of the employees in
22a collective bargaining unit containing a frontline worker desire that a fair-share or
23maintenance of membership agreement be entered into between the employer and
24a labor organization. A petition may specify that a referendum is requested on a
1maintenance of membership agreement only, in which case the ballot shall be limited
2to that question.
AB68,1092,133
(b) For a fair-share agreement to be authorized, at least two-thirds of the
4eligible public safety employees voting in a referendum shall vote in favor of the
5agreement
or at least two-thirds of the employees in a collective bargaining unit
6containing a frontline worker shall vote in favor of the agreement. For a
7maintenance of membership agreement to be authorized, at least a majority of the
8eligible public safety employees voting in a referendum shall vote in favor of the
9agreement
or at least a majority of the employees in a collective bargaining unit
10containing a frontline worker shall vote in favor of the agreement. In a referendum
11on a fair-share agreement, if less than two-thirds but more than one-half of the
12eligible
public safety employees vote in favor of the agreement, a maintenance of
13membership agreement is authorized.
AB68,1093,314
(c) If a fair-share or maintenance of membership agreement is authorized in
15a referendum
ordered under par. (a), the employer shall enter into such an
16agreement with the labor organization named on the ballot in the referendum. Each
17fair-share or maintenance of membership agreement shall contain a provision
18requiring the employer to deduct the amount of dues as certified by the labor
19organization from the earnings of the
public safety employees affected by the
20agreement and to pay the amount so deducted to the labor organization. Unless the
21parties agree to an earlier date, the agreement shall take effect 60 days after
22certification by the commission that the referendum vote authorized the agreement.
23The employer shall be held harmless against any claims, demands, suits and other
24forms of liability made by
public safety the employees
affected by the agreement or
25by local labor organizations which may arise for actions taken by the employer in
1compliance with this section. All such lawful claims, demands, suits
, and other forms
2of liability are the responsibility of the labor organization entering into the
3agreement.
AB68,1093,104
(d) Under each fair-share or maintenance of membership agreement,
a public
5safety an employee
affected by the agreement who has religious convictions against
6dues payments to a labor organization based on teachings or tenets of a church or
7religious body of which he or she is a member shall, on request to the labor
8organization, have his or her dues paid to a charity mutually agreed upon by the
9public safety employee and the labor organization. Any dispute concerning this
10paragraph may be submitted to the commission for adjudication.
AB68,1878
11Section
1878. 111.85 (2) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1094,312
111.85
(2) (a) Once authorized
under sub. (1), a fair-share or maintenance of
13membership agreement
covering public safety employees shall continue in effect,
14subject to the right of the employer or labor organization concerned to petition the
15commission to conduct a new referendum. Such petition must be supported by proof
16that at least 30 percent of the public safety employees in the collective bargaining
17unit
or at least 30 percent of the employees in a collective bargaining unit containing
18a frontline worker desire that the fair-share or maintenance of membership
19agreement be discontinued. Upon so finding, the commission shall conduct a new
20referendum. If the continuance of the fair-share or maintenance of membership
21agreement is approved in the referendum by at least the percentage of eligible voting
22public safety employees required for its initial authorization, it shall be continued
23in effect, subject to the right of the employer or labor organization to later initiate a
24further vote following the procedure prescribed in this subsection. If the
25continuation of the agreement is not supported in any referendum, it
is deemed
1terminated terminates at the termination of the collective bargaining agreement, or
2one year from the date of the certification of the result of the referendum, whichever
3is earlier.
AB68,1094,134
(b) The commission shall declare any fair-share or maintenance of
5membership agreement suspended upon such conditions and for such time as the
6commission decides whenever it finds that the labor organization involved has
7refused on the basis of race, color,
sex, sexual orientation
, gender expression, as
8defined in s. 111.32 (7j), gender identity, as defined in s. 111.32 (7k), or creed to receive
9as a member any
public safety employee in the collective bargaining unit involved,
10and the agreement shall be made subject to the findings and orders of the
11commission. Any of the parties to the agreement, or any
public safety employee
12covered thereby, may come before the commission, as provided in s. 111.07, and
13petition the commission to make such a finding.
AB68,1879
14Section
1879. 111.85 (4) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1094,1815
111.85
(4) The commission may, under rules adopted for that purpose, appoint
16as its agent an official of a state agency
or authority whose
public safety employees
17are entitled to vote in a referendum to conduct a referendum
provided for herein 18under this section.
AB68,1880
19Section
1880. 111.86 (2) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1095,220
111.86
(2) The division shall charge a state department
or, agency
, or authority 21the employer's share of the cost related to grievance arbitration under sub. (1) for any
22arbitration that involves one or more employees of the state department
or, agency
,
23or authority. Each state department
or, agency
, or authority so charged shall pay the
24amount that the division charges from the appropriation account or accounts used
1to pay the salary of the grievant. Funds received under this subsection shall be
2credited to the appropriation account under s. 20.505 (1) (ks).
AB68,1881
3Section
1881. 111.88 (1) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1095,144
111.88
(1) If a dispute has not been settled after a reasonable period of
5negotiation and after the settlement procedures, if any, established by the parties
6have been exhausted, the representative which has been certified by the commission
7after an election, or, in the case of a representative of employees specified in s. 111.81
8(7) (a)
or (ag), has been duly recognized by the employer, as the exclusive
9representative of employees in an appropriate collective bargaining unit, and the
10employer, its officers and agents, after a reasonable period of negotiation, are
11deadlocked with respect to any dispute between them arising in the collective
12bargaining process, the parties jointly, may petition the commission, in writing, to
13initiate fact-finding under this section, and to make recommendations to resolve the
14deadlock.
AB68,1882
15Section
1882. 111.90 (1) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1095,1816
111.90
(1) Carry out the statutory mandate and goals assigned to a state agency
17or authority by the most appropriate and efficient methods and means and utilize
18personnel in the most appropriate and efficient manner possible.
AB68,1883
19Section
1883. 111.90 (2) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1095,2220
111.90
(2) Manage the employees of a state agency
or authority; hire, promote,
21transfer, assign or retain employees in positions within the agency
or authority; and
22in that regard establish reasonable work rules.
AB68,1884
23Section
1884. 111.91 (1w) of the statutes is created to read:
AB68,1096,724
111.91
(1w) (a) Except as provided in pars. (b) and (c), with regard to a collective
25bargaining unit that contains at least one frontline worker, matters subject to
1collective bargaining to the point of impasse are wage rates, consistent with sub. (2),
2the assignment and reassignment of classifications to pay ranges, determination of
3an incumbent's pay status resulting from position reallocation or reclassification,
4and pay adjustments upon temporary assignment of classified employees to duties
5of a higher classification or downward reallocations of a classified employee's
6position; fringe benefits consistent with sub. (2); hours and conditions of
7employment.
AB68,1096,128
(b) With regard to a collective bargaining unit that contains at least one
9frontline worker, the employer is not required to bargain on management rights
10under s. 111.90, except that procedures for the adjustment or settlement of
11grievances or disputes arising out of any type of disciplinary action referred to in s.
12111.90 (3) shall be a subject of bargaining.
AB68,1096,1413
(c) The employer is prohibited from bargaining on matters contained in sub. (2)
14with a collective bargaining unit that contains at least one frontline worker.
AB68,1885
15Section
1885. 111.91 (2) (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1096,1816
111.91
(2) (intro.) The employer is prohibited from bargaining with a collective
17bargaining unit under s. 111.825 (1) (g)
or with a collective bargaining unit that
18contains a frontline worker with respect to all of the following:
AB68,1886
19Section
1886. 111.91 (3) (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1096,2220
111.91
(3) (intro.) The employer is prohibited from bargaining with a collective
21bargaining unit containing
a only general
employee employees with respect to any
22of the following:
AB68,1887
23Section
1887. 111.91 (3q) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1097,324
111.91
(3q) For purposes of determining compliance with sub. (3), the
25commission shall provide, upon request, to the employer or to any representative of
1a collective bargaining unit containing
a only general
employee
employees, the
2consumer price index change during any 12-month period. The commission may get
3the information from the department of revenue.
AB68,1888
4Section
1888. 111.91 (4) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1097,135
111.91
(4) The administrator of the division, in connection with the
6development of tentative collective bargaining agreements to be submitted under s.
7111.92 (1) (a) 1., shall endeavor to obtain tentative agreements with each recognized
8or certified labor organization representing employees or supervisors of employees
9specified in s. 111.81 (7) (a)
or (ag) and with each certified labor organization
10representing employees specified in s. 111.81 (7) (b) to (e) which do not contain any
11provision for the payment to any employee of a cumulative or noncumulative amount
12of compensation in recognition of or based on the period of time an employee has been
13employed by the state.
AB68,1889
14Section
1889. 111.92 (3) (a) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1097,1715
111.92
(3) (a) Agreements covering a collective bargaining unit specified under
16s. 111.825 (1) (g)
or a collective bargaining unit containing a frontline worker shall
17coincide with the fiscal year or biennium.
AB68,1890
18Section
1890. 111.92 (3) (b) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1097,2219
111.92
(3) (b) No agreements covering a collective bargaining unit containing
20 a only general
employee employees may be for a period that exceeds one year, and
21each agreement must coincide with the fiscal year. Agreements covering a collective
22bargaining unit containing
a only general
employee employees may not be extended.
AB68,1891
23Section
1891. 111.93 (3) (a) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1098,824
111.93
(3) (a) If a collective bargaining agreement exists between the employer
25and a labor organization representing employees in a collective bargaining unit
1under s. 111.825 (1) (g)
or in a collective bargaining unit containing a frontline
2worker, the provisions of that agreement shall supersede the provisions of civil
3service and other applicable statutes,
as well as rules and policies of the University
4of Wisconsin-Madison and the board of regents of the University of Wisconsin
5System,
and policies or determinations of an authority, that are related to wages,
6fringe benefits, hours, and conditions of employment
, whether or not the matters
7contained in those statutes, rules,
and policies
, and determinations are set forth in
8the collective bargaining agreement.
AB68,1892
9Section
1892. 111.93 (3) (b) of the statutes is amended to read:
AB68,1098,1610
111.93
(3) (b) If a collective bargaining agreement exists between the employer
11and a labor organization representing
only general employees in a collective
12bargaining unit, the provisions of that agreement shall supersede the provisions of
13civil service and other applicable statutes, as well as rules and policies of the board
14of regents of the University of Wisconsin System, related to wages, whether or not
15the matters contained in those statutes, rules, and policies are set forth in the
16collective bargaining agreement.
AB68,1893
17Section 1893
. 114.09 (2) (bm) 1. (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read: