Chapter 970

CHAPTER 970

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS

970.01   Initial appearance before a judge.

970.02   Duty of a judge at the initial appearance.

970.03   Preliminary examination.

970.032   Preliminary examination; juvenile under original adult court jurisdiction.

970.035   Preliminary examination; juvenile younger than 15 years old.

970.038   Preliminary examination; hearsay exception.

970.04   Second examination.

970.05   Testimony at preliminary examination; payment for transcript of testimony.

Ch. 970 Cross-reference Cross-reference: See definitions in s. 967.02.

970.01 970.01 Initial appearance before a judge.

970.01(1) (1) Any person who is arrested shall be taken within a reasonable time before a judge in the county in which the offense was alleged to have been committed. The initial appearance may be conducted on the record by telephone or live audiovisual means under s. 967.08. If the initial appearance is conducted by telephone or live audiovisual means, the person may waive physical appearance. Waiver of physical appearance shall be placed on the record of the initial appearance and does not waive other grounds for challenging the court’s personal jurisdiction. If the person does not waive physical appearance, conducting the initial appearance by telephone or live audiovisual means under s. 967.08 does not waive any grounds that the person has for challenging the court’s personal jurisdiction.

970.01(2) (2) When a person is arrested without a warrant and brought before a judge, a complaint shall be filed forthwith.

970.01 History History: Sup. Ct. Order, 141 Wis. 2d xiii (1987); 1987 a. 403; 1995 a. 27.

970.01 Note Judicial Council Note, 1988: Sub. (1) is amended to authorize the arrested person to waive physical appearance and request that the initial appearance be conducted on the record by telephone or live audio-visual means. [Re Order effective Jan. 1, 1988]

970.01 Annotation The interval between an arrest and an initial appearance is never unreasonable when the arrested suspect is already in the lawful physical custody of the state. State v. Harris, 174 Wis. 2d 367, 497 N.W.2d 742 (Ct. App. 1993).

970.01 Annotation The rule that a judicial determination of probable cause must be made within 48 hours of a warrantless arrest applies to Wisconsin; failure to comply did not require suppression of evidence not obtained because of the delay when probable cause for arrest was present. State v. Koch, 175 Wis. 2d 684, 499 N.W.2d 152 (1993).

970.01 Annotation Failure to conduct a probable cause hearing within 48 hours of arrest is not a jurisdictional defect and not grounds for dismissal with prejudice or voiding of a subsequent conviction unless the delay prejudiced the defendant’s right to present a defense. State v. Golden, 185 Wis. 2d 763, 519 N.W.2d 659 (Ct. App. 1994).

970.01 Annotation A person taken into custody on a probation hold while an investigation is made to determine if a probation violation has occurred is not under arrest and not subject to the requirement of a probable cause hearing within 48 hours of a warrantless arrest. State v. Martinez, 198 Wis. 2d 222, 542 N.W.2d 215 (Ct. App. 1995), 94-3006.

970.01 Annotation A determination of probable cause made within 48 hours of a warrantless arrest generally meets the promptness requirement; if a hearing is held more than 48 hours following an arrest the burden shifts to the government to demonstrate an emergency or extraordinary circumstances. County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 111 S. Ct. 1661, 114 L. Ed. 2d 49 (1991).

970.01 Annotation In this case, the defendant remained in jail when the police went to the county courthouse two days after the defendant’s warrantless arrest to make their case. The defendant’s 6th amendment right to counsel attached when the court commissioner found probable cause, set bail, and executed a form that accused the defendant of a crime. It was of no 6th amendment consequence that the defendant never appeared in court during the probable-cause proceeding. Garcia v. Hepp, 65 F.4th 945 (2023).

970.02 970.02 Duty of a judge at the initial appearance.

970.02(1) (1) At the initial appearance the judge shall inform the defendant:

970.02(1)(a) (a) Of the charge against the defendant and shall furnish the defendant with a copy of the complaint which shall contain the possible penalties for the offenses set forth therein. In the case of a felony, the judge shall also inform the defendant of the penalties for the felony with which the defendant is charged.

970.02(1)(b) (b) Of his or her right to counsel and, in any case required by the U.S. or Wisconsin constitution, that an attorney will be appointed to represent him or her if he or she is financially unable to employ counsel.

970.02(1)(c) (c) That the defendant is entitled to a preliminary examination if charged with a felony in any complaint, including a complaint issued under s. 968.26, or when the defendant has been returned to this state for prosecution through extradition proceedings under ch. 976, or any indictment, unless waived in writing or in open court, or unless the defendant is a corporation or limited liability company.

970.02(2) (2) The judge shall admit the defendant to bail in accordance with ch. 969.

970.02(3) (3) Upon request of a defendant charged with a misdemeanor, the judge shall immediately set a date for the trial.

970.02(4) (4) A defendant charged with a felony may waive preliminary examination, and upon the waiver, the judge shall bind the defendant over for trial.

970.02(5) (5) If the defendant does not waive preliminary examination, the judge shall forthwith set the action for a preliminary examination under s. 970.03.

970.02(6) (6) In all cases in which the defendant is entitled to legal representation under the constitution or laws of the United States or this state, the judge or magistrate shall inform the defendant of his or her right to counsel and, if the defendant claims or appears to be indigent, shall refer the person to the authority for indigency determinations specified under s. 977.07 (1).

970.02(7) (7) If the offense charged is one specified under s. 165.83 (2) (a), the judge shall determine if the defendant’s fingerprints, photographs and other identifying data have been taken and, if not, the judge shall direct that this information be obtained.

970.02(8) (8) If the offense charged is a violent crime, as defined in s. 165.84 (7) (ab), the judge shall determine if a biological specimen has been obtained from the defendant under s. 165.84 (7), and, if not, the judge shall direct that a law enforcement agency or tribal law enforcement agency obtain a biological specimen from the defendant and submit it to the state crime laboratories as specified in rules promulgated by the department of justice under s. 165.76 (4). If the judge requires the defendant to provide a specimen under this subsection or if a biological specimen has already been obtained from the defendant, the judge shall inform the defendant that he or she may request expungement under s. 165.77 (4).

970.02 History History: 1973 c. 45; 1975 c. 39; 1977 c. 29, 449; 1979 c. 356; 1981 c. 144; 1987 a. 151; 1993 a. 112, 486; 2013 a. 20, 214.

970.02 Annotation The failure to inform the defendant of an applicable mandatory minimum sentence violated sub. (1) (a). State v. Thompson, 2012 WI 90, 342 Wis. 2d 674, 818 N.W.2d 904, 09-1505.

970.03 970.03 Preliminary examination.

970.03(1) (1) A preliminary examination is a hearing before a court for the purpose of determining if there is probable cause to believe a felony has been committed by the defendant. A preliminary examination may be held in conjunction with a bail revocation hearing under s. 969.08 (5) (b), but separate findings shall be made by the judge relating to the preliminary examination and to the bail revocation.

970.03(2) (2) The preliminary examination shall be commenced within 20 days after the initial appearance of the defendant if the defendant has been released from custody or within 10 days if the defendant is in custody and bail has been fixed in excess of $500. On stipulation of the parties or on motion and for cause, the court may extend such time.

970.03(3) (3) A plea shall not be accepted in any case in which a preliminary examination is required until the defendant has been bound over following preliminary examination or waiver thereof.

970.03(4) (4) 

970.03(4)(a) (a) If the defendant is accused of a crime under s. 940.225, 948.02, 948.025, 948.05, 948.051, 948.06, 948.085, or 948.095, or under s. 940.302 (2), if the court finds that the crime was sexually motivated, as defined in s. 980.01 (5), the court may exclude from the hearing all persons who are not officers of the court, members of the complainant’s or defendant’s families or others considered by the court to be supportive of the complainant or defendant, the service representative, as defined in s. 895.45 (1) (c), or other persons required to attend, if the court finds that the state or the defendant has established a compelling interest that would likely be prejudiced if the persons were not excluded. The court may consider as a compelling interest, among others, the need to protect a complainant from undue embarrassment and emotional trauma.

970.03(4)(b) (b) In making its order under this subsection, the court shall set forth specific findings sufficient to support the closure order. In making these findings, the court shall consider, and give substantial weight to, the desires, if any, of the complainant. Additional factors that the court may consider in making these findings include, but are not limited to, the complainant’s age, psychological maturity and understanding; the nature of the crime; and the desires of the complainant’s family.

970.03(4)(c) (c) The court shall make its closure order under this subsection no broader than is necessary to protect the compelling interest under par. (a) and shall consider any reasonable alternatives to full closure of the entire hearing.

970.03(5) (5) All witnesses shall be sworn and their testimony reported by a phonographic reporter. The defendant may cross-examine witnesses against the defendant, and may call witnesses on the defendant’s own behalf who then are subject to cross-examination.

970.03(6) (6) During the preliminary examination, the court may exclude witnesses until they are called to testify, may direct that persons who are expected to be called as witnesses be kept separate until called and may prevent them from communicating with one another until they have been examined.

970.03(7) (7) If the court finds probable cause to believe that a felony has been committed by the defendant, it shall bind the defendant over for trial.

970.03(8) (8) If the court finds that it is probable that only a misdemeanor has been committed by the defendant, it shall amend the complaint to conform to the evidence. The action shall then proceed as though it had originated as a misdemeanor action.

970.03(9) (9) If the court does not find probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed by the defendant, it shall order the defendant discharged forthwith.

970.03(10) (10) In multiple count complaints, the court shall order dismissed any count for which it finds there is no probable cause. The facts arising out of any count ordered dismissed shall not be the basis for a count in any information filed pursuant to ch. 971. Section 970.04 shall apply to any dismissed count.

970.03(12) (12) 

970.03(12)(a) (a) In this subsection:

970.03(12)(a)1. 1. “Hospital” has the meaning designated in s. 50.33 (2).

970.03(12)(a)2. 2. “Local health department” has the meaning given in s. 250.01 (4).

970.03(12)(b) (b) At any preliminary examination, a report of one of the crime laboratory’s, the state laboratory of hygiene’s, a federal bureau of investigation laboratory’s, a hospital laboratory’s or a local health department’s findings with reference to all or any part of the evidence submitted, certified as correct by the attorney general, the director of the state laboratory of hygiene, the director of the federal bureau of investigation, the chief hospital administrator, the local health officer, as defined in s. 250.01 (5), or a person designated by any of them, shall, when offered by the state or the accused, be received as evidence of the facts and findings stated, if relevant. The expert who made the findings need not be called as a witness.

970.03(12)(c) (c) At any preliminary examination in Milwaukee County, a latent fingerprint report of the city of Milwaukee police department bureau of identification division’s latent fingerprint identification unit, certified as correct by the police chief or a person designated by the police chief, shall, when offered by the state or the accused, be received as evidence of the facts and findings stated, if relevant. The expert who made the findings need not be called as a witness.

970.03(13) (13) Testimony may be received into the record of a preliminary examination by telephone or live audiovisual means if the proponent shows good cause or if the testimony is used to prove an element of an offense under s. 943.201 (2) or 943.203 (2).

970.03(14) (14)